What if Jerusalem had assented to the 1538 Sanhedrin.

al shagara zaydaniye
  • So this is my attempt at a Zaydani battle standard - the calligraphy at the top is from Sura 3:146 and is usually translated either to "God loves the steadfast" or "God loves the patient." Those of you with better graphics skills and software than me, can I trouble you to clean up the discolored patches in the olive tree? (ETA: substantially fixed but still some stray pixels.)

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    SECOND ACT MARCH 1805
  • SECOND ACT
    MARCH 1805

    “Monsieur de Champagny has read the draft of your answers,” said Commissioner Duplessis, “and he is quite pleased.”

    “And his Majesty the Emperor?” asked David Sinzheim.

    Duplessis’ face betrayed the thinnest of smiles. “If the Interior Minister is pleased, then the Emperor is pleased.”

    Sinzheim, too, allowed himself to smile. The draft had been the product of much work – debates in the committees, long hours in libraries drafting briefs to support the answers, late-night meetings with the Interior Ministry commissioners to discuss language that might cause trouble. Doing all this, and managing factions all the while, hadn’t been easy, and especially so with the other Sanhedrin in the background, although there were moments in the committees when its envoy Netanel had proven useful.

    But the work was done now, fourteen answers to eighteen questions. And in a few more days, those answers would be passed into law.

    “I expect that we’ll vote on it in a week,” he said. “Tomorrow is Purim eve, after Purim it’s the Sabbath, and the delegates will need a day or two to read everything through. So next Wednesday – we’ll have the first reading in the morning, and take the vote at the end of the day if Monsieur de Champagny wants to attend.”

    “Why should it take so long? Read it out and take the vote, what more is there to do?”

    For a moment, Sinzheim didn’t understand, and then he realized what the commissioner must mean. He hadn’t planned on there being an extensive floor debate – he, Vita and Furtado had already arranged for the Bonapartists and the other sensible men to reserve most of the floor time, and the clerk had been warned to rule anything subversive out of order – but surely there was no harm in letting everyone have a chance to speak and giving the delegates who hadn’t been assigned to the committee an opportunity to state minor reservations or add their interpretive gloss? What parliament, what high court, didn’t have debates?

    “Are you saying,” he asked carefully, “that there should be no debate on the floor?”

    “I’m saying that it isn’t necessary. The Interior Minister is pleased with the draft, and he’d like it to pass with a minimum of fuss.”

    And if that’s what the Interior Minister wants, that’s what the Emperor wants hung unspoken in the air. Duplessis hadn’t actually forbidden speeches on the floor, but his meaning was clear enough.

    “There will be no fuss,” Sinzheim answered – not a promise as such, but his meaning, too, was clear. He would assemble the committee chairs and faction leaders later and tell them. Furtado, he knew, would understand. He wasn’t as sure about some of the others.
    _______​

    At his opening speech, Sinzheim had told the people that 1805 would have two Purims. There were in fact four. Purim Katan fell in the first month of Adar and Purim itself in the second; Shushan Purim was the day after, and because Shushan Purim coincided with the Sabbath, the day after that was Purim Meshulash.

    Carel Asser and his cronies took over the Au Rocher de Cancale tavern on the evening that Purim Meshulash began. Shushan Purim and Purim Meshulash were traditionally celebrated only in Jerusalem, but Asser shouted “Paris is our Jerusalem!” and in the interest of celebrating and getting drunk, the young men, even the steady Mayer, had joined him. By an hour after sunset, they were deep into the private stock of kosher wine that they’d laid in with the taverner weeks since; they shared both wine and hamantaschen freely with the barmen and cooks, and they sang and prayed.

    The elders of the Sanhedrin might have been astonished at how closely they followed the traditional service at first. But as full night fell, their songs grew raucous and their prayers angry and satirical. Asser had supported the Paris Sanhedrin when he’d first come to Paris, but his exclusion from the committees had been a blow, and the emptiness of the open sessions,where the discussion was confined to reading letters of greeting from abroad into the record and setting the committees’ agendas, had been another. The news today – that there would be no floor debate even on the final resolution, that rather than helping to shape the future of the Jews of Europe, he and his cohorts would be relegated to approving the committees’ work in silence, and that there wouldn’t even be a separate vote on each measure – had been the final straw for him, and the more wine was drunk, the clearer it was that the others in the tavern agreed.

    Exactly how clear soon became apparent. There was a loud noise as one of the prayers ended, and when Asser turned to the place it had come from, he saw that Mayer – Mayer! – had jumped on a table and was leaping and dancing in a watered silk dress he’d gotten from only God knew where. Nor was the dress the whole of his costume; he’d put on a false beard and a double-peaked hat that Asser suddenly realized was meant to look like Sinzheim’s. And Ottolenghi, who’d never quite got over his time as a Jacobin, also climbed on the table and swept Mayer up in a parody of a country dance, and the onlookers gasped as they saw he was wearing a military coat and hat of the kind Bonaparte favored.

    “Esther!” one of the young men cried. “Ahashverosh and Esther! Save us, Queen Esther! Whisper to the king in his bed and save us!”

    “Vashti!” called another. “Sinzheim isn’t Esther, he’s Vashti!”

    “No, Vashti was the one who refused to whore herself!”

    Ottolenghi grinned and tipped his hat, but the debate was never settled; the noise had brought the taverner out of the kitchen, and when he saw how Ottolenghi was dressed, he not merely gasped but froze. He’d come to like the young men of the Sanhedrin, who’d been generous and friendly, but lampooning the Emperor could get him as well as them hauled before the magistrate. “Get out now!” he shouted. “Take off that damned coat and hat and get out! Come back tomorrow when you’re sober, but you’re not staying a minute longer tonight!”

    Ottolenghi and a couple of the others looked like they might dispute the taverner's order, but Asser climbed up on a chair, drew the slim sword at his belt, and pointed it to the door. “To the streets, gentlemen! Paris is our Jerusalem tonight!” he cried. And then, good as his word, he leaped from the chair, pushed the door open and went out into the night, and the others followed.

    Few passers-by gave them more than a glance as they flowed onto the rue Montorgueil; drunken students and clerks were a spectacle but a common one at this hour, and Mayer had the presence of mind to snatch Ottolenghi’s hat. They still sang, but they no longer prayed; their song now was a poem of the Haskalah, a paean to freedom, that Mayer had put to music a week ago. And their path brought them to the Marais.

    Asser hadn’t realized that was where they were going – he hadn’t realized they were going any particular place. But the Marais was near, it was in the direction they’d chosen when they left the tavern, and it was the closest thing Paris had to a Jewish neighborhood. The synagogues were there, as were the hostels where many of them were staying – as was, he suddenly realized, David Sinzheim. They turned a corner and there he was, walking with Vita and Furtado and Segrè and a few of his other henchmen. Netanel bin Saleh from the other Sanhedrin was there too, and so were the Tiberias taverner and the emir’s man from Acre who’d come with him as bodyguards. They were talking – whether they were arguing or planning, Asser couldn’t say, but the anger that had been building all evening suddenly escaped him.

    “Vashti!” he called, his voice growing louder as he drew out the single word, ending in a wail of primal rage. “Which king commands you, Vashti?”

    Sinzheim couldn’t have known what Asser was referring to, but the shout was loud enough to draw his attention, and he was instantly aware of who had challenged him. “Vashti is not here,” he answered, “and nor should you be. You’re drunk and there’s no business of yours here. Go to bed.”

    “I still know Haman’s name from Mordecai’s, so I’m not drunk enough.” Asser took a step toward Sinzheim’s party; the elder rabbi stood his ground, but for the first time, appeared afraid. “And I hear there’s to be no debate at the meeting, so maybe we should have it out now. Do you remember what happened the last time the Sanhedrin debated eighteen questions?”

    From the look on Sinzheim’s face, he was surprised that Asser remembered that, but he certainly knew the reference. There had been a dispute in ancient times between the schools of Hillel and Shammai over eighteen points of doctrine, and according to Rabbi Joshua of Ono, that dispute had ended with the Beit Shammai students killing several members of Beit Hillel and standing over the rest at spearpoint during the vote. And Sinzheim looked down from Asser’s face and saw that he, and a few of the other youths who fancied themselves gentlemen, were carrying swords.

    At that moment, Asser brought his sword up. He intended only to make an ironic salute, or perhaps to menace Sinzheim by brandishing the blade overhead. But he reckoned without Netanel.

    Asser had fenced at the university; Netanel had seen battle, and he took no chances. In the next moment, Netanel drew his own sword from its scabbard and, in a single movement, sent Asser’s blade flying and set his own point at Asser’s belly. A few of the other young men made a step forward, but by then the bodyguards’ swords were also drawn, and they stood implacably between the quarreling parties.

    “There are no Beit Hillel and Beit Shammai here,” Netanel said. “That incident is infamous, and if you repeat it, so will you be.” But he turned to Sinzheim and said, “nevertheless, they’re right. The Sanhedrin never takes its decisions without debate and without preserving the dissents – there have been many times when those dissents were adopted later. And besides, what if the vote fails? It isn’t just these men who are dissatisfied – we were talking just now about how many conservatives might withhold their votes over the marriage clauses or the denial of the people Israel.”

    “Champagny doesn’t want a debate,” Sinzheim said – suddenly, somehow, this had become a conversation between him and Netanel. “He wants us all to acclaim Bonaparte. And if that’s our hope for the future, are we supposed to give it up for the sake of heaven and a drunkard from Amsterdam?”

    “For a drunkard from Amsterdam, maybe not,” said Asser, “but for heaven and for our freedom, yes.”

    Furtado bristled. “Our freedom is in Bonaparte’s hands, you whelp…”

    “How much would Champagny like it,” said Netanel, “if the vote failed? How would Bonaparte look if his Sanhedrin fell apart?”

    “Then what do we do?” Sinzheim’s voice was much lower, resigned now rather than indignant. “We risk angering Bonaparte if we have a debate, we risk angering him if we don’t…”

    “Champagny didn’t forbid a debate, did he? There are debates and debates, and there are ways to make an argument that will be more pleasing to Bonaparte than others. And I think there is also a fifteenth answer you can give, and maybe it might mollify him…”
    _______​

    “I call the vote,” said Vita, the Av Bet Din; Segrè, his colleague, seconded, and the delegates seated in a semicircle around the dais thundered their approval. The clerk ruled the motion in order, and the recording secretary began reading the first of the resolutions.

    Sinzheim reclined in his seat, finally able to breathe after the hours of argument. The spectators who’d filled the Hôtel de Ville that day had certainly got their money’s worth; the debates had been stormy, two resolutions had been amended on the floor, and there had been an hour’s pause while the nationality clause was withdrawn and rewritten altogether. But every speech from the opposition had been met with an answer – Furtado, especially, had been masterful – and the other amendments and attempts at disruption had all gone down to defeat. And as Netanel had counseled on the night of Purim Meshulash, even the dissenting speeches had been filled with praise for Bonaparte and declarations of patriotism. And in cases where true chaos threatened, parliamentary procedure had told. The session had not been the orderly demonstration of submission and compliance that the Emperor and the Interior Minister had wanted, but perhaps it would do.

    “The first resolution has been read,” intoned the clerk. “Say you aye or nay?”

    “Aye,” Sinzheim called, rising from his seat and joining the chorus from the benches. It was almost done.
    _______​

    BE IT RESOLVED by the Grand Sanhedrin of Paris on the twenty-first day of March 1805, being also the twentieth day of Adar II in the 5565th year of the creation of the world:

    1. That this body is the Grand Sanhedrin of the French Empire and constitutes a legal assembly vested with the power of passing ordinances in order to promote the welfare of Israel and inculcate obedience to the law. Like the Great Sanhedrin of Palestine, it has legal authority over the Jews of the French Empire, the Italian Republic, and such other countries of Europe as may acknowledge its jurisdiction.

    Some have questioned the use of the name “Sanhedrin” for this body; however, what this assembly is called is secondary to what it is. In every generation, the Jews of the Holy Land and the Diaspora, not excluding France, have convoked assemblies to administer the community and judge of the laws. This body harkens back not only to the ancient Sanhedrin of Israel but to the Talmudic academies and yarchei kallah of Babylon, to the rabbinic synods of the Rhineland, and to the proceedings of the Hachmei Provence.

    This is a time of great change and great promise for the Jews of France, who have been uplifted under the benevolent rule of the Emperor Napoleon, and in such a time, the guidance of a legal assembly is needed. The rabbis and laymen of past times have risen to such occasions and so shall we, for as long as the need exists.

    (Passed by voice vote; request for roll call refused and recorded by the clerk as having passed by acclamation. Dissenting opinion circulated on the floor but not published in the record.)​

    2. That rabbis may receive their authority by a number of methods that have grown up in law and custom, and must demonstrate knowledge of the laws of Israel and irreproachable character. If they meet the qualifications laid down in the Oral Law, they may give opinions on legal matters and serve as judges within the community, being themselves subject to judgment should they violate the laws.
    (Passed by acclamation.)​

    3. That while rabbis have an overarching responsibility to minister to the Jews and to ensure that their congregations live according to the laws of Moses, they are also citizens of the state and are duty-bound to counsel obedience to its laws.

    (Passed 57-14; concurring and dissenting opinions recorded.)​

    4. That as the sages of ancient times counseled, it is appropriate for rabbis to be educated in the arts and sciences, to be widely read, and to speak several languages in addition to learning the laws of Israel.
    (Passed 66-5; concurring opinion recorded.)​

    5. That every Jew is religiously bound to consider his non-Jewish fellow citizens as brothers, and to aid, protect, and love them as though they were coreligionists.
    (Passed by acclamation.)​

    6. That every Jew is to consider the land of his birth or adoption as his fatherland, and shall obey its laws and defend it when called upon.

    (Passed by voice vote; request for roll call refused, and recorded by the clerk as having passed by acclamation. Concurring opinion with reservations circulated on the floor but not published in the record.)​

    7. That Jews are citizens of the countries in which they live and must honor the obligations thereof; however, as this body is unable to agree on what a nation may be, it cannot say whether Jews are a distinct nation or people.

    (Passed 40-31; concurring and dissenting opinions recorded.)​

    8. That the Great Sanhedrin of Palestine enjoys universal respect among Jews, that its authority within the Holy Land is unquestioned. By its own acknowledgment and practice, however, it serves as a court of law only in the Holy Land. Moreover, while its opinions on matters of law and custom are not to be discounted, they are not binding upon the Jews of France should they contradict French law or should the rabbis of France reject them.

    (Passed 42-29; concurring and dissenting opinions recorded.)​

    9. Polygamy is forbidden to Jews in France under the ancient decree of Rabbi Gershom ben Judah.

    (Passed by acclamation.)​

    10. That marriages between Jews and Christians are binding under the civil law, although they cannot be celebrated with religious forms.

    (Passed 38-33; concurring and dissenting opinions recorded.)​

    11. That divorce is permitted under the laws of Israel; however, where marriage and divorce are regulated by the civil law, Jews are bound to observe those regulations.
    (Passed 55-16; dissenting opinion recorded.)​

    12. That Judaism does not forbid any handicraft or occupation, and that it is favored for Jews to work at all useful trades, as they did in ancient times and as they do in the Holy Land today under the guidance of the Great Sanhedrin of that land.
    (Passed by acclamation.)​

    13. That Jews may serve in the military forces of France if they are called or if they volunteer, and that nothing in the laws of Israel forbids such service. However, Jews who so serve their nation should not be required by reason of such service to deny their faith or violate the commandments thereof, save those that the sages allow to be transgressed when required by the exigencies of war.

    (Passed 49-22; concurring and dissenting opinions recorded.)​

    14. That Jews may not exact usury either from other Jews or from gentiles.
    (Passed by voice vote; request for roll call refused and recorded by the clerk as having passed by acclamation. Partial dissent circulated on the floor but not recorded.)​

    15. That this body shall appoint a committee to advise the Emperor and the Interior Ministry concerning the organization, regulation, and institutions of the Jewish community of France and, if the Emperor so desires, the Jewish community of the Italian Republic.

    (Passed by acclamation.)​
    _______​

    Sinzheim closed the Sanhedrin with a speech that was as hopeful as the one he’d given five weeks earlier, and as he named the members of the committee that would advise the government going forward, he expressed confidence in a bright future. The Jews of France, he said, were joined to France now, and would be forever.

    Only those who knew him well might have detected the notes of apprehension in his voice, or perhaps not even them; he was a masterful speaker.

    Champagny, departing from the gallery a few moments later, made no secret of his apprehension. He’d been warned, at least, but this was not the way he’d planned for the Sanhedrin to end. The Emperor had tamed the parliaments of France and Italy, and this would remind him of the chaos of the Revolution and the Directory, and what would foreign princes say about a country whose Jews alone were untamed?

    But the Emperor, that night in the study where he’d begun the project of the Sanhedrin months since, was more pleased than not. The Jews of Germany, and maybe even Poland, could be very helpful to him in the war that all his advisors agreed would begin by summer, and a display of freedom might be more convincing to them than a mere statement of it. And it had been satisfying to hear that nearly all the speeches, both from the majority and in dissent, had been couched in patriotic language. Whether the Jews truly supported him or whether they simply feared what would happen if they didn’t, the outcome was the same. He had a declaration that joined the Jews to the French state and abjured their most objectionable practices; wasn’t that what he’d wanted?

    There was unfinished business, though; there certainly was that. He was glad for the permanent committee, because he intended to put before it a constitution for the French Jews – a charter that would organize the community into consistories, put the management of synagogues and the appointment of rabbis into the hands of reliable men, and establish the national seminary that had been in the back of his mind ever since he’d been told of the Or Tamid.

    There would be a war to fight first. But after that, there was unfinished business.
     
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    RAVES AND PANS 1805-1807
  • RAVES AND PANS
    1805-1807

    “You have the name of one of my sons,” said Mayer Amschel Rothschild to Sous-Lieutenant Nathan Mayer.

    “Almost,” Mayer answered, although it wasn’t true; the names themselves might be the same, but the gulf between Nathan Mayer and Nathan Mayer Rothschild was greater than that between the earth and the stars. “But I’m sure, sir, that that isn’t why you asked to meet with me.”

    “No, young Mayer, I won’t waste time pretending.” There was no reason why the patriarch of the Rothschilds would invite a sous-lieutenant from an occupying army – even one who had been a notary from a good Alsatian Jewish family – to share cigars and port, except…

    “The Sanhedrin, of course – Napoleon’s Sanhedrin, that is. You were a member of it, I understand? That would be a good thing for me to know about, now that we in Frankfurt may become subject to it.”

    “I was a member of the Sanhedrin as I am now a French officer – in the most minor way possible.”

    “Very good, young man.” The old banker laughed, and his stern, narrow face was suddenly natural. “But still, you were there, and though I have my sources, I was not. And before the unpleasantness broke out, you were back in Strasbourg, and no doubt you observed the effect of Bonaparte’s usury decree?”

    “Yes, sir.” So that was Rothschild’s concern – he should have figured. Napoleon had followed up the Sanhedrin’s ban on usury by issuing a civil decree annulling many debts and requiring Jewish bankers to obtain licenses. “It was the small money-changers who lost their businesses. The large bankers, the ones who made loans to the government…”

    “So that’s what I’ll have to do? Make loans to Bonaparte, at terms that are in his favor? It seems, young Mayer, that a court Jew’s lot changes little from generation to generation, and that there are still to be court Jews no matter what the Emperor says about emancipation, is that not so?”

    “I hope not, sir. The decree is for ten years, and is meant to be transitional…”

    “And as a notary, you did your best to help your compatriots make the transition? I’m sure there are ways, and since you are in Frankfurt now – I hope temporarily – I would value your knowledge of how my business might best carry on. But Bonaparte, I think, is no different from those before him – he considers us a tricky race, and believes the public needs to be protected from our tricks. He at least offers us emancipation in exchange, but no, at bottom he’s no different.”

    “It was the consensus at the Sanhedrin, sir, that our people do need new areas of endeavor. We looked to the example of the Holy Land. On the one hand, we give up usury; on the other, everything else is opened to us.”

    “The Holy Land? I have interests there too, young man. And I agree that we were restricted to banking far too long and in far too many places – I daresay I know that far better than you. But those of us who are bankers know only banking. And is it any more right to restrict us from banking than to restrict us from everything but banking? The world would fall apart without banks, young Mayer, whatever the romantics may say about usury.”

    “You’re right, sir,” said Mayer – it seemed the safest thing to say, and the old man did have a point.

    “It’s a half-measure,” Rothschild answered. “Friedländer, you know, says that half-measures must always fail. He says that we Jews must become like other men, or else we will forever be kept apart from other men – that attempts to be both, like your Sanhedrin, must end badly. Do you agree, Mayer?”

    “No, sir. In that, too, we looked to the Holy Land.”

    “And so, maybe, should I. My own half-measure, my own transition…” Rothschild leaned forward and poured Mayer another glass of port. “I will take your counsel, while you are here in Frankfurt, on how to navigate these licensing matters. I will pay well for your time – more than a sous-lieutenant earns, I’m sure. And when you go on to fight for the Emperor in other places, I would like you to let me know what ties the Jews of those places have with the Holy Land – what businesses in that land might be best placed to cater to them… I believe, also, that you met with the envoys of their Sanhedrin while you were present at yours?”

    “Yes, sir.”

    “Then you can tell me about that as well. You will not always be in the army, Mayer, and you too might want to look to your transition.”
    _______​

    Congregation Adath Jeshurun of Amsterdam seemed a different place to Carel Asser than it had a year before. He’d thought that the congregation was at the forefront of emancipation, the one that had fought longest and come farthest in making the Haskalah a reality and in forging a role for Jews as free citizens. But in Paris, he felt, all that had been swatted contemptuously aside.

    He’d won some concessions, yes. He’d won a floor vote, yes. But that vote had, if anything, moved the Sanhedrin’s declarations farther from the principles that Adath Jeshurun had built. And the disdain the Sanhedrin’s leaders had shown at every turn…

    It was bad enough that Bonaparte thought of the Dutch Jews as tools. He’d expected that. But Sinzheim had clearly thought of them – of him – the same way. And now Sinzheim was Chief Rabbi of France, and Carel Asser was a member of an Amsterdam synagogue that would likely soon be incorporated into the consistory system that Sinzheim was building…

    “Have you heard the news from Frankfurt?” asked Yehuda Litwak, who’d entered the room while Asser was ruminating, and Asser suddenly felt ashamed of himself – as if he’d spoken his thoughts out loud, and as if he’d been rebuked for a petulant child. “The German states – most of them – are emancipating their Jews.”

    “I hadn’t heard, but we’ve all been expecting it, no?” In the wake of the Paris Sanhedrin and the outbreak of war, the German Jews had flocked to support Bonaparte – the Emperor had gambled well, if that were his goal – and citizenship would be their reward. There had been matters to negotiate, most notably the amount of compensation that the German princes would be paid for losing their servi camerae and no longer having Jews as property of the state, but the final outcome had never been in doubt. And now, according to the broadsheet that Litwak spread on the meeting-room table, that outcome had happened.

    “The German Jews are celebrating – or they were, when the broadsheet was written. Some of them are calling it Purim. Not Friedländer, of course, but some of them.”

    Purim. Asser remembered the Purim night when the dispute over the Sanhedrin had come to a head. It hadn’t been a Purim for him, but for the German Jews, evidently it was.

    “When you are a slave,” he said slowly, “any freedom is Purim, is it not?” Maybe that was it. Maybe, to the Jews who lacked the freedoms that Jews had in France, the Sanhedrin, and the French armies that followed in its wake, were salvation. But for the Jews of Amsterdam, who had more freedoms than the French Jews, it was a different story.

    The Sanhedrin had set a standard – one that would uplift the Jews that were beneath it, but threatened to reduce those who were above it.

    “I think,” he continued, “the next fight will be in our parliaments – what’s left of them – and our courts, to keep ourselves separate from France.” Bonaparte had made Holland a vassal of France, but it hadn’t made Holland part of France, and there was still a separate Dutch law to which Jews could appeal for their status.

    And he, Asser, was a licensed advocate in the Dutch courts. Maybe he could fight Sinzheim more successfully there than he had that night in Paris.

    Petulance be damned; there was work to be done.
    _______​

    Henri Rottembourg walked into the Emperor’s tent a major and came out a colonel.

    “It’s well deserved, Colonel, very well deserved,” Napoleon said, handing Rottembourg his new insignia. “You were magnificent in the battle yesterday. And” – he smiled – “you were fortunate to be magnificent where I could see you.”

    “I should hope so, vôtre majesté.” Any officer of the Imperial Guard fought in the Emperor’s presence, and inheriting command of a battalion two hours into a battle was a good way either to be noticed or to be disgraced. For Rottembourg, yesterday on the field of Jena, it had been the former.

    “And that lieutenant, Mayer, is one of yours too, isn’t he?” Without waiting for an answer, Napoleon held out another set of insignia, those of a captain. “You can present these to him with my compliments.”

    “I will, vôtre majesté.” Rottembourg hesitated for a moment, wondering whether to take the Emperor’s time with a story about a mere lieutenant, but decided to tell it. “The men call Mayer the cannoneer – he’s quiet and studious, so they think he belongs in the artillery. But yesterday, vôtre majesté, he was a cannonball.”

    “So I was told. He was in that Sanhedrin of mine, wasn’t he?”

    “Yes, vôtre majesté, he was.” Rottembourg was astonished – it was true that the Emperor made a point of knowing all the Guard officers’ names, but recollection of such a detail about an officer as junior as Mayer was quite a feat of memory.

    “I hope he’s a better swordsman now than then.”

    “I think that was another man, vôtre majesté. But yesterday, he wielded his saber well.”

    “Very good.” Napoleon leaned forward. “You know, Rottembourg, I had several reasons for that Sanhedrin business. One was to get the help of the German Jews, and maybe soon the Polish ones. Another was to increase the number of men like Mayer, and like you. French soldiers – Frenchmen.”

    Again, Rottembourg was astonished – not so much at the sentiments, which Napoleon had expressed before in public and which were no doubt not the whole of his reasons, but at the way that, in private, he’d made them personal. It wasn’t usual for the Emperor to unbend this much to his majors, or even to his colonels.

    “But this will have to be farewell for a time,” Napoleon continued, and Rottembourg suddenly knew the reason for the Emperor’s compliment. “I’m sending you and Mayer to the 108th, under Friant. He needs officers. And he was in Egypt with me, you know.”

    He won’t mind getting another Jewish colonel and captain, was what that really meant. But Rottembourg said only “thank you, vôtre majesté.”

    “It is I who owe the thanks,” Bonaparte answered, and the new-minted colonel was dismissed.

    The drinking began a short time later. The men were happy enough to celebrate Rottembourg’s promotion – he’d led them to victory, after all – and unsoldierly as Mayer was, the troops found him impossible to dislike. Though it was still morning, the men brought out casks of wine, and it wasn’t long before they were singing marching songs, performing the wild Russian dance steps that had ironically become popular in the army, and raising the new colonel and captain to their shoulders and carrying them around the camp.

    But from his seat on a sergeant-major’s shoulders, Rottembourg also noticed who wasn’t there. Only one of the other majors had cared to join the celebration; that, at least, might be because they’d hoped to be promoted in his place. But several of the other officers were also missing, and only one of the colonels of the other Guard regiments had come. French soldiers and Frenchmen, the Emperor had said, but it seemed that not everyone agreed.

    Then the sergeant-major put him down, a soldier pressed another cup of wine into his hand, and he let himself forget.
    _______​

    No one in the Russian army knew quite what to do with the Chabad regiment.

    That there was such a regiment had come as a surprise, although it shouldn’t have. Rabbi Shneur Zalman had preached against Napoleon for years, and after the war broke out – after the Sanhedrin’s fifteen articles, a state rabbinate, and Bonpartist godlessness threatened not only the Jews of Germany but those of Poland and Lithuania – he’d raised donations and recruited young men to fight. But Russian army officers didn’t pay attention to what Jews did, and when two thousand Hasidim had turned up at the front, the apparition of Christ wouldn’t have startled them more.

    Well, they’d found a place for the Hasidim in the battle line – they needed soldiers, even these. And keeping them in their own regiment was no trouble – who else would want to serve with a bunch of Zhids? But they didn’t fit. Potemkin’s Izraelovsky Regiment had at least looked like soldiers; these men didn’t, although their black coats and fur hats seemed oddly like a uniform. They had their own cooks who lugged around kosher pots and refused meat from the army stores; they prayed three times a day, on the march even, with that strange swaying rite of theirs; they followed a system of rank and command that only they could understand; and they would fight on their Sabbath but God help anyone who told them to march. Whatever they were, they weren’t Russians – they were an army unto themselves even more than the Cossacks, and they preferred it that way.

    But though they weren’t Russians, they fought for Russia, and that proved to be enough. Most of the officers and men in the other regiments despised them, but after the first battle, it was “Christ-killing Zhids, but they fight,” and for that, they’d had a place. For that, they’d had a place in the advance, and in the long retreat.

    The generals had hoped to stop that retreat, to hold Bonaparte’s army at the Alle river. For much of the day, it had seemed that they would, but as the shadows grew longer, it became clear that the Russian left was breaking, and once again, the retreat was called. The fifteen hundred Hasidim that were left of the original two thousand, obedient to the bugles and to their leaders, formed square and began to withdraw.

    They themselves were still in good order, as were the other regiments on the right of the Russian lines. But their path of retreat didn’t require them to cross the river, and they weren’t the ones trapped against its banks. More and more, the sounds of panic rose from the left, and moments later, their part of the field was full of soldiers fleeing desperately for safety.

    “Let them in! Let them in!” called Berel of Grodno, who’d taken command of one side of the square, and the Hasidim opened their ranks to let the nearer of the fleeing soldiers take shelter. A few sheered off, preferring even the uncertainty of a lost battle to a regiment of Zhids, but most who could reach them joined them, adding their numbers to the Jews’ ranks even if only for one time.

    “Welcome!” shouted Berel with almost no irony. “The more the merrier!” And it was true – the more guns facing outward from the square, the better the chances to get clear of the French in one piece. “Keep going, keep going, keep together.”

    Most of the new men took their places in the ranks, obeying Berel’s unmilitary commands with a trace of amusement, but one suddenly pointed in the direction of the advancing French. “The general!” he shouted. And Berel looked where he was pointing and saw – a Russian general in an elegant uniform, fleeing at the gallop from a pursuing troop of French lancers.

    “Idiot,” Berel said. “One of those generals who has to be the last one to retreat.” But he saw that the general was losing ground – it seemed that his horse was nearly spent, and that the nearest of the lancers would soon be on him.

    “Idiot,” Berel said again, but he called out for his riflemen – most of the Hasidim were musketeers, but there were a dozen who’d learned somewhere to shoot a rifle, and they’d served the regiment as skirmishers. “Three to a man. The four nearest.”

    Twelve shots rang out. Four French lancers fell from their saddles. The others slowed and swerved to avoid the fallen men and runaway horses, and by the time they returned to their pursuit, the general had gained a hundred yards. The lancers saw that their quarry would soon be within musket range of the retreating squares and that they now had no hope of catching him before they got there, and they wheeled to look for other pickings.

    The quarry in question looked in the direction from which the shots had come, stared in astonishment, and laughed at the absurdity of God’s creation. But then the general – General Prince Andrei Ivanovich Gorchakov – raised his saber to the Chabad Regiment in salute and rode on.
    _______​

    The day the peace was signed, Colonel Rottembourg called Chef de Bataillon Mayer into his tent and handed him his letter of resignation from the army.

    “Have I displeased you?” asked the shocked Mayer, but Rottembourg put his hand on his shoulder and smiled.

    “No,” he said, “it’s that our lords and masters have other things for you to do. Can you guess?”

    Mayer tried and failed. “No, sir.”

    “Well, you were a notary before you were an officer, so you know law. You’ve learned soldiering, that’s plain. And you’ve looked after a few of Rothschild’s interests, so you know something of the money business too…” He put up a hand to forestall Mayer’s protests. “No, no, it’s a good thing rather than otherwise. Because all those things together fit you for diplomacy.”

    “A diplomat?” Now Mayer was truly in shock. “Am I to present my credentials at the Tsar’s court and say ‘good morning, Sire, I am Ambassador Zhid?’ Even in the Court of St. James, that would be unheard-of.”

    “No, maybe not that. But our trade with Jerusalem and Nablus has been increasing, and we need someone to watch out for us there, and for that, who better?” Rottembourg held his hand up again. “Before you say no, think that in peacetime you’ll molder. We both know that without battles where you can distinguish yourself, promotion will come slow to a Jew if it comes at all. And if you stay, you might also be drafted for that second Sanhedrin the Emperor is planning to ratify his consistories and organic laws. If you found the last one tedious, imagine the next.”

    Mayer hadn’t found the Paris Sanhedrin entirely tedious – it had, in many ways, been formative, and he still remembered the night he’d played the part of Queen Esther and it had almost come to battle. But yes, he understood what Rottembourg meant. And being consul to the Tuqans in Nablus and Jerusalem… if nothing else, that wouldn’t soon grow dull.

    “You could do well there – a few discreet letters to Rothschild, no? And if you make yourself useful, there could be other posts. New posts can be made in the diplomatic corps more easily than in the army.”

    He pushed the letter toward Mayer, laid a pen down next to it, and Mayer signed his name.

    And so Mayer traveled to Venice with an army wagon train, and from there took ship to Ashdod. The new port at Ashdod, a mile or two north of the ancient one, had opened only this year; the city that had grown around it, five parts Muslim to four Jewish and one Christian, had an unfinished look. Like many travelers, Mayer stayed at Isdud village a short distance inland, though he let a guide show him the ancient ruins for half a piaster and remained in port long enough to post a letter.

    From there, Jerusalem wasn’t far, and the Zaydani had joined with the Tuqans to improve the road, so the journey was an easy one. He made the trip in a single long day, riding out before dawn and climbing from the coastal plain into rolling hills, and reached the Jaffa Gate as the sun was setting. And as he’d arranged, Haim Farhi, the Tuqans’ man of business, was waiting just inside with his retainers and family.

    In another world, Mayer would have remembered that moment as his first sight of the streets of the Holy City. But that world was cut off in an instant, before it could begin. In this world, for the rest of the long life that the Name would grant him, Mayer would remember this as the first time he saw Sarah.
     
    ENCORE 1807
  • ENCORE
    1807

    The second Grand Sanhedrin of Paris, thought Rabbi David Sinzheim, had gone much more smoothly than the first.

    There had been none of the hasty planning and haphazard selection of delegates that had happened the first time – the Emperor had instructed Sinzheim to begin preparing months before the peace of Tilsit was signed, and the delegates from France and what was now the Kingdom of Italy had been proposed by the new consistories and vetted by the Central Consistory in the Marais. And the foreign delegates, those from the German states, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and the few from the Kingdom of Naples, had been picked by the Emperor’s intendants in those countries, and those officials had chosen men who wouldn’t cause trouble.

    Nor had there been any contentious debate this time around – in truth, the second Paris Sanhedrin hadn’t been called to debate, only to ratify. The resolutions of the 1805 Sanhedrin had, by acclamation recorded as a unanimous vote, been made applicable throughout Warsaw, the German Confederation, and all of Italy save the papal territories. And the delegates in France and Italy had ratified a constitution that included the institutions that the Interior Ministry and Sinzheim’s advisory committee had built – the consistories, a nationwide system of Jewish primary schools, a rabbinical academy in Paris, and a tax to pay for them all.

    “And now it’s done,” he said to Abraham Furtado, who hadn’t been a member of the Sanhedrin this time but who had followed the proceedings in his new post at the Interior Ministry. The two were on the bank of the Seine, enjoying the last evening of what both expected to be their last Sanhedrin. The delegates would be dismissed on the morrow with the Emperor’s thanks, and there wouldn’t be another Sanhedrin in Paris unless the Emperor or a unanimous vote of the consistories summoned one.

    “Except in Holland,” Furtado answered, and both men responded with something that was part laugh and part grimace. The Dutch Jews hadn’t come to Paris; instead, Carel Asser had secured an opinion from a panel of Amsterdam judges holding that, since the Dutch Jews had progressed longest and farthest toward emancipation, they didn’t need the supervision of a Sanhedrin and were capable of observing the duties of citizens out of their own conscience. Had this happened in France, Bonaparte would have quashed it soon enough, but even though the Batavian Republic had become the Kingdom of Holland, it retained enough independence that doing so would be more trouble than it was worth.

    “Asser found a pen mightier than his sword – not that this was a difficult task.”

    “The Emperor isn’t what anyone would call happy about it, but he won’t interfere as long as the Dutch Jews are loyal. And they are.”

    Sinzheim nodded in agreement. Bonaparte certainly had his ideas of what the Jews were to become, but he was nothing if not a pragmatist, and he valued loyalty above all else. Even in France, he’d shown a far lighter hand toward the patriotic Bonapartist Jews of Aquitaine – of which Furtado was one – than those of the Bas-Rhin and Alsace. And the Alsatian Jews’ loyalty, too, had been rewarded; was not Sinzheim now Chief Rabbi of France, and would the new taxes and subsidies not enable them to build their synagogues and schools beyond anything they’d been able to do before?

    Some, he knew – and he thought of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, far away in Russia – thought the Jews of France had made a bargain with the devil. It was a bargain, true. But Sinzheim would make it serve God.
    _______​

    Sukkot came late to Lyady in 5568, and it came with freezing winds and rain from the north. Rabbi Shneur Zalman had met it bravely, wearing a scarf and gloves with his heavy coat and leading his people to the festive meal. But long before midnight, as the rain turned to sleet and the cold bit harder, even he had to invoke the Shulhan Arukh and return to the synagogue where the walls kept out the wind and there was a welcoming fire.

    Inside, the women gathered in the kitchen where it was warmest; the men went to the sanctuary, spread their coats out to dry, and crowded close to the fire to pray and tell stories. Many of the stories this year were of war. The men who attended Shneur Zalman’s court at Lyady had been the core of the Hasidic regiment he’d recruited, and they spoke of distant towns, battles, the hardships of the march, their sorrow for the dead.

    These were new stories for them and Shneur Zalman both. There had been war and massacre in plenty in this part of the world, and there had been many martyrs among the Jews in the Deluge and its aftermath, but it had been a very long time since the Jews of these lands had taken part in a war as soldiers. War hadn’t come to these men in the form of raiders descending on a village to kill and burn; they’d gone to it, and they’d held the guns.

    Rabbi Shneur Zalman had rarely thought of war. What was it to him – the poetry of Samuel ha-Nagid, who’d led armies in long-ago Spain,, or ibn Gabirol, who had said that valor was a virtue of the hands? The sefira of Netzach, eternity, which also meant victory – was war a thing eternal? Or was it Gevurah – strength and discipline, the strong arm of Adam Kadmon? Or was it simply the grim rule of necessity?

    From the stories the men told, he suspected it was mostly the last. Perhaps there was a reason why, though many stories were told of the ancient Jewish wars, few of them spoke of what happened during the battles.

    He had learned about battles, this first night of Sukkot. And he would learn more of them, because he had received a letter from St. Petersburg that morning.

    He’d known that something like it would come – he’d known since Prince Gorchakov had visited in late summer, uncomfortable at being among Christ-killing Zhids but man enough to pay respect to those who’d saved his life on the battlefield. The prince had said he would speak for the Chabad regiment at court, that he would see they were suitably rewarded. That hadn’t happened immediately, but it seemed that Napoleon’s second Sanhedrin had made the matter more urgent; if Napoleon intended to mobilize the Jews of all Europe, then the Tsar needed to reward those who’d mobilized for him instead.

    Shneur Zalman had the letter in his hand now, and he let his eyes fall to it as the men, drowsy with wine and reluctant to face the cold, began finding space on the synagogue floor to sleep. He read the terms again: ownership of the village of Lyady, the rank of podporuchik, the right to raise a regiment, the right to bear arms in Lyady and within two versts in any direction, taxes to be remitted by one third in peacetime and altogether when the regiment was under arms for war…

    Not what is given to the Cossacks, or even the Tatars of Kazan when they serve in the Tsar’s wars. But Cossacks and Tatars weren’t condemned as Christ-killers by the Church, and it was extraordinary for the Tsar to concede even this much to those who were.

    He could still refuse, and some of the stories his men had told made him wonder if he should. But the Rambam had said that wars of self-defense must be fought, and surely a war against Napoleon’s godlessness was a war in defense of Judaism. He imagined the doctrines of the Paris Sanhedrin being imposed on the Jews of Russia by a victorious Bonaparte – yes, it was necessary to fight against that.

    As the Jews of the Galilee had fought Napoleon, so too would the Hasidim.
    _______​

    Chanukah, too, came late – so late that the first candles were lit on Christmas day, and so late that the seventh night, the beginning of the month of Tevet, fell on the eve of the Christians’ new year. And in Tzfat, Rosh Hodesh Tevet was also Eid al-Banat, the holiday of the daughters.

    A family from Djerba had come to Tzfat thirty years before, bringing Eid al-Banat with them, and that family’s older daughter had become the childhood nurse of Dalia Zemach. The Zemach women – Dalia, her mother and grandmother, her sisters and aunts and cousins – had made Rosh Hodesh Tevet into a family celebration, and when Dalia had become nagidah of the Galilee, she’d made the celebration public.

    It had been a show of strength that year, when she was just twenty, new to the governorship, and her authority was uncertain. Judith and Hannah and the high priest’s daughter were honored at Eid al-Banat, so that night was a chance for the nagidah to associate herself with their stories, to remind the people that a woman could protect the nation and the faith.

    That had been seven years ago; now, Dalia was twenty-seven, three times a mother, and the unquestioned civil ruler of the Galilee. She still made Eid al-Banat a public event; if anything, it had grown to include many Muslim women and even some of the Christians. The point she had made that first year was still worth making; some had taken to calling the seventh night of Chanukah yom ha-nagidah, and strangely enough, she didn’t discourage them.

    December in Tzfat this year was unseasonably mild and Eid al-Banat had grown beyond the old Zemach house by the east market, so it was held instead amid the ruins of Joseph Nasi’s palazzo. The nagidah made the announcement at midday, and at dusk, she led a procession of women up the hill to the open courtyard which was lit by a thousand eight-branched oil lamps. It was the first public meeting in that place since the tumultuous session the Sanhedrin had held after Napoleon took Jerusalem, and it was a gathering that broke tradition as much as that one had. When men met at the palazzo, it was called yarchei kallah – the months of the bride, as the ancient meetings at the Babylonian academies had been called; Dalia called this one the yarchei kallot, the gathering of all the brides.

    By nightfall, there were thousands in the courtyard – from Tzfat and Tiberias, from the villages, from the outlying vineyards and farms, even from Wadi Ara and Jezreel and Acre. There was food and wine; there was singing of piyyutim, there was dancing. In Djerba, the women would have gone to the synagogue and touched the Torah, but that wasn’t the custom here, and Dalia thought it was unwise to provoke the Sanhedrin over trifles. But troupes of women did re-enact the Judith and Hannah stories – Holofernes played by a woman in men’s clothes, itself something that wouldn’t have pleased the Sanhedrin were they present – and two of the nagidah’s Muslim maids of honor told the story of Aisha. And Dalia herself climbed the ruined tower and recited from the thirty-first chapter of Proverbs before coming down to dance.

    The mothers with young girls went home first, carrying their sleepy daughters down the hillside or leading them by the hand. The matrons were next, paying their respects to the nagidah and making their way home in threes and fours. The young women – the kallot and those not yet married – lasted longest, but as the church bells tolled at midnight to mark the beginning of 1808, even they departed, and Dalia and her closest companions were the only ones remaining as the lamplight guttered out and the winter stars hung overhead.

    “They call this the women’s Sanhedrin,” said Naomi, the youngest of Dalia’s sisters and the only one still unmarried. “Some of the people in the city – the students, the men in the coffeehouses.”

    “We lay down no law here,” answered Dalia.

    “We’re making a custom. Some of the rabbis think that’s only for them to do.”

    “The people make custom.” And it was true – Eid al-Banat, like Mimouna, had tested the Sanhedrin’s rules about when it was permissible for Jews in one place to follow the custom of another, and some had inveighed against both until forced to yield to their overwhelming popularity. “I think, sometimes, the Sanhedrin is afraid of it.”

    “They have to live with what they fear,” said Leah Karo, a childhood friend of the nagidah and now a recording secretary at court. “Anyway, it’s the other Sanhedrin that people are talking about – the one in Paris.”

    “In Paris?” asked Naomi. “They laid down no new law either…”

    “But there were laymen in it.”

    “There were laymen in the first one too,” said Dalia, but then it became clear to her: the presence of laymen in the first Paris Sanhedrin had gone unnoticed amid all the disputes over doctrine and Jews’ relationship with the state, but with the second one so quiescent, that had suddenly become the main thing the Galileans noticed.

    “Do they want laymen in our Sanhedrin too?” Naomi said. “The rabbis would never accept that…”

    “Nor the Rambam. But there have always been other councils.”

    “We call it shura,” said Sahar Zuabi, another childhood friend turned court lady. “Consultation with the people.”

    Dalia had read of shura. Maybe she had been part of it, the times she’d been summoned with the other vassals and governors to sit in council with the emir. There was no equivalent single concept in Jewish jurisprudence, but there were notions of consent and covenant from which it might be derived – hadn’t Rabbi Natan, for instance, described how the Exilarch was formally elected by the people and the academies even though, in practice, the office was passed from father to son? Netanel would surely know others.

    The idea intrigued her – an appointed civil council, or an elected one, might form another foundation for the state, and one that might even say yes when the Sanhedrin said no. Maybe not now, but if the talk of a laymen’s tribunal continued, or could be encouraged to continue…

    “I think we may want to start preparing a brief on this,” she said. “For later, of course. For later.”
     
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    PHILADELPHIA FREEDOM NOVEMBER 1810
  • PHILADELPHIA FREEDOM
    NOVEMBER 1810

    There were times when Rebecca Gratz needed an escape from charity work and assembly balls and a houseful of family – she loved all these things, but there were times. And at those times, the chambers of the Port Folio magazine were a good place to go. There were books in those chambers, and people who liked to talk about books. There was usually tea on the boil. There were tables where Rebecca could sit and read or listen to one of the regulars read from a work in progress – on rare occasions, she’d shared her own poetry, although she’d never been so daring as to publish any. And there was a sense of a wider world than the cobblestone streets outside.

    It was ten o’clock on a mild November morning, an Indian-summer morning with a breeze stirring the fallen leaves, and several of the regulars were already there. Dennie, the editor, who’d finally abandoned his ridiculous Oliver Oldschool pen name, was at the desk by the far wall; Saunter and Biddle, two of his stable of writers, were deep in conversation at one of the tables, tea forgotten as Biddle shook a bundle of papers at Saunter and ran down all the reasons why he should tear up his story. Charles Ingersoll, a year younger than Rebecca and back from Europe, looked on in amusement; then he saw Rebecca, smiled in greeting, and tapped his fingers on another bundle.

    That was another thing about the Port Folio – it was a place where Rebecca could get mail without the risk that her sisters would read it first. And it seemed that today, she had quite a bit of it.

    “We’d have known these were yours even if your name hadn’t been on them,” said Ingersoll, and one look at the stack of letters told Rebecca why. The envelopes bearing addresses in London and Paris and Frankfurt weren’t unusual, but under them was a month-old copy of The Israelite magazine and two-month-old newspapers from Acre and Tzfat, and all of them were in Hebrew.

    Rebecca sat across from Ingersoll and began to read. Five years ago, she hadn’t known Hebrew; it wasn’t commonly taught to girls in Philadelphia, and the rabbi at Congregation Mikveh Israel continued his predecessor’s practice of delivering sermons in English. But one of her correspondents in London, the salon-keeper Rachel Levien Cohen, had told her she needed to learn it if she wanted to appreciate what was happening in the Jewish literature of the Holy Land and Europe. It had taken her long to learn, and the Hebrew of Acre and Tzfat, with its borrowings from Arabic and Syriac and Yiddish and Spanish and its spelling conventions expanded to include sounds that existed in those languages but not in biblical Hebrew, could still sometimes confound her. But Cohen had been right; the language had opened a world.

    By now, Dennie had noticed her presence and looked up from his desk with interest. “Anything good?” he asked. He sometimes asked Rebecca to translate Hebrew stories for the magazine – they were something different, he said, something that his more jaded readers would find entertaining. If the letters that came in from New York and Boston were anything to go by, some of them did.

    “Not this,” Rebecca answered. “One of the contractors digging sewers in Tzfat stole two thousand piasters, and both the civil courts and the Sanhedrin have brought charges…”

    “No shortage of stories like that here,” said Ingersoll, “though I don’t think I’d be welcome practicing before your Sanhedrin.” He was a lawyer and diplomat, well-traveled, with years at the Philadelphia bar despite his youth, but from what he’d gleaned of the Sanhedrin, he thought them passing strange. Rebecca wasn’t sure she disagreed.

    “This, though,” she said – her eyes had fallen on another article in the Acre newspaper, this one a work of fiction. “A Mahometan who venerates a Jewish holy man and his Jewish neighbor who admires a saintly imam – in a hard winter, they pray for miracles for each other.”

    “Do they do that over there?” asked Saunter, his attention drawn. “Venerate each other’s saints?”

    “I’ve read of such things before. The Sanhedrin takes a dim view of it and, I suspect, so do the Mahometans’ judges. But I wouldn’t discount anything.” She raised her teacup to her lips and, echoing her thought of a moment before, added, “they’re strange over there.”

    Now that she’d thought of it, she realized that she’d heard versions of that quite often. Her correspondents had told her that there had been an upturn recently in traffic between Europe and the Holy Land; with Europe at peace outside the battlefields of Spain and Portugal, the Jews of Napoleon’s empire – the well-off ones, at any rate – had created their own version of the Grand Tour. Visit Rashi’s grave (or at least the place where it was reputed to be), attend a lecture at the new Hebrew Academy in Paris, see the old synagogues of Provence and Italy – and thence to Salonika and Konstantiniyye and Acre and Tzfat and Tiberias before finishing in Jerusalem. And many of those who’d taken the tour had described the Jews of Palestine the same way – they’re strange over there.

    And, she’d seen, the feeling was often mutual. Another of the stories in the Acre paper was a lampoon of a Dutch Jew taking exactly that tour and doing outrageous things at each way-station. He was obviously intended to be a caricature of someone – Rebecca didn’t know who – but it might not be far off how the Acre Jews looked on many of his compatriots.

    That story would be too esoteric by far for an American audience. But the one about the Jewish and Muslim saints might amuse them. “Should I translate it?” she asked.

    “I think so, yes,” said Dennie. “Can you have it done next week? I’ll have space for it the week after, if so.”

    Rebecca mentally ran though a list of social engagements and nodded. She put the Acre newspaper down and opened The Israelite – printed in Bordeaux by the maskilim of Aquitaine, and in a pure Hebrew that Rebecca recognized from the songs the men sang at Mikveh Israel – but Ingersoll, who’d come with the teapot to refill her cup, put his other hand on the magazine before hers reached it.

    “Always translating, Rebecca,” he said. “I like hearing those stories, but you have your own to tell, no? It’s been too long since we’ve heard one of your poems. They belong here. Maybe they belong more in an American magazine than the work of someone half a world away.”

    “My poems are just scribblings,” said Rebecca, embarrassed. “They aren’t any good…”

    “Neither are Saunter’s stories, and our Mr. Oldschool publishes at least one of them a month. And your work is better than you give it credit for.”

    “Who would be interested in a woman’s scratchings?”

    “Should someone have told that to Miss Wheatley?” Ingersoll said. Damn it, he knows me too well; it had been the volume of Wheatley’s poems, read when she was fifteen, that had turned Rebecca decisively against slavery.

    “Say you’ll think about it,” he said; she agreed, put more honey in her tea, and began translating.
    _______​

    That afternoon belonged to the Female Association for the Relief of Women and Children in Reduced Circumstances, delivering food and necessities to impoverished widows of the Revolution. As she often did, Rebecca made her rounds with Hannah Levy, a childhood friend and a co-founder of the society, walking out of the city to the shanties on the outskirts where many of the widows lived and the farms along the Schuylkill where others did. Later, at sunset, Hannah came home with her for supper.

    Rebecca’s father wasn’t well enough to join the family table; that happened about half the time now, and though it had become a familiar pain, it was a pain nevertheless. Her mother was there, though, and her unmarried sisters and brothers; so were Hannah’s father Moses, who’d been elected city recorder, and Jacob Cohen, the rabbi at Mikveh Israel.

    It was an American meal – a roast from the kosher butcher on Sterling Alley, bread from the oven, roasted carrots and parsnips, apple preserves from some of the very farms Rebecca had visited earlier in the day. The conversation around the table, too, was American – maritime trade, the Gratzes’ growing business interests in the West, the affairs of the city and nation. But inevitably it turned to other matters, and long before the meal was done, Rebecca regaled the others with the stories she’d read in the Acre newspaper.

    Cohen, to her surprise, found the Grand Tour story the funnier of the two. “That’s Asser to the life, and it’s about time someone took him down a peg,” he said. “But I doubt he’d ever take that tour. Amsterdam is his Jerusalem; he doesn’t need the other one.”

    “Do you think more of us should?” Rebecca asked. She’d never thought of going to the Holy Land before, but some of her thoughts that morning returned to her. “It seems sometimes that Jews in different places are becoming strangers to each other.”

    “We always were,” answered Levy, “or do you think you’d have found Turkey or Yemen familiar a hundred years ago? It’s the opposite that’s happening – all of us scattered across the world are getting to know each other again, making something new of it all. In Palestine, in Europe, in America… we should worry less about becoming strangers to each other than becoming strangers to ourselves.”

    “What does that mean?” asked Hannah, and Rebecca echoed the thought; Levy’s words themselves seemed strange at a table crowded with family and with friends who were almost as close.

    “I think I may know,” said Rebecca’s mother Miriam. “There are just a few of us here, and we’re free, which is a good thing, but it means we’re free to be as Jewish as we want to be…”

    “As much,” said Levy, “or as little.”

    For a moment, Rebecca resisted the thought – she knew, from her correspondence, that there were no shortage of assimilated Jews in other countries – but she also understood; there was no Sanhedrin here, no consistories, no kehillot, none of the things that ensured that even Jews who were lax in their observance would remain part of the community.

    Surely a grand tour wasn’t the answer to that – how many in America could even make such a long and perilous journey? A school, maybe? That was certainly a thought for later, but for now… an American Jewish magazine? A place to share learning and stories, to prevent those stories from becoming strange, maybe to make something new as the Jews of Europe and the Holy Land were doing? One or another of the Port Folio regulars – Ingersoll’s image came to mind, and she flushed – would know how to get that started.

    And maybe it would also help if we shared some of those stories with our neighbors, she thought. After supper, she’d have to search through the desk drawers upstairs and find where that poem was.
     
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    ARABIAN DAYS MAY 1811
  • ARABIAN DAYS
    MAY 1811

    The Banu Zaydan emirs had a saying which had been passed down from father to son since Zahir al-Umar: the Jews make good infantry and excellent gunners and sappers, but never put one on horseback. There had always been exceptions, even among Zahir’s earliest companions, but the adage had a good deal of truth to it. The Jews of the Galilee weren’t born to the saddle as Bedouins were, and long before Zahir was born, they’d grown into their own way of fighting which wasn’t how Bedouins fought.

    Still, in eighty years, the Zaydani and the Yishuv had learned to fight together, cavalry as hammer and infantry as anvil. They’d practiced in a hundred skirmishes in the Jabal Amil and Chouf mountains, in defense of the Galilee against the wali of Damascus, in the war against Bonaparte. Sometimes they’d won and sometimes they’d lost, but they’d learned, and in learning, they’d come to trust each other.

    That learning, and that trust, were welcome today, because the dust of eighteen thousand soldiers of the Emirate of Diriyah was on the horizon, and Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad Zahir al-Zaydani was the one who would have to stop them.

    He still had the firman that had come to Acre months before: you are commanded to go forth at once against the rebel and apostate Saud bin Abdulaziz al-Saud, and to expel him from the holy cities. The same firman had gone to Nablus and Cairo. By now, the Egyptian and Nabulsi armies would have landed at Yanbu to advance on Medina from the sea; the Zaydani army, by agreement, had marched along the caravan route through Aqaba and Tabuk to guard the approaches from the east. And now, in northern Arabia, his infantry stood anchored on the one side by a wooded oasis and on the other by a bluff that rose to a ruined fort, and his cavalry – he at the center, next to the olive-tree standard of the Bani Zaydan – waited at the opening of a defile.

    At twenty-two, when he’d first come to his inheritance, Abd al-Rahman would have considered this a fine adventure. In some ways he still did; his reckless bravery had matured, but it hadn’t altogether gone away. But at thirty-five, he’d learned to look deeper. The Porte certainly had legitimate reasons to fight the Diriyans – their occupation of Mecca was an affront to the Sultan as commander of the faithful, they’d mistreated Hajj pilgrims and merchant caravans, and they’d raided as far as Baghdad and Damascus. But Abd al-Rahman couldn’t help noticing that not a single Turkish soldier was taking part in the expedition. The Sultan was instead sending his troublesome vassals to do the fighting and dying, and his hopes for them were obvious.

    Let it be, Abd al-Rahman had decided; he had deeper reasons of his own. A victory in this war would bring the Banu Zaydan closer to Egypt, and the Zaydani state had always been most successful when Egypt was a friend.

    A victory will bring us closer, yes. But first, we have to win.

    Abd al-Rahman looked to the east, where the dust cloud was getting larger and the noise of soldiers’ shouts and horses’ hooves had grown loud enough to drown out bird-calls and lowing cattle. Then he looked to the west: eleven thousand men in four ranks, their muskets and bayonets new from the gunsmith-works of Umm al Fahm. The Zaydani olive tree and the candelabra of the Galilee fluttered above them in a slight breeze; to their side were the white eagle of the Polish Regiment and the scarab of the Masri Regiment; the mountain of Tzfat and the red hawk of Tulkarm and the standards of twenty more militias.

    What a patchwork we are, the emir thought – it was so even before his Bedouin and Shi’ite cavalry were added. But we are strong together.

    The sound was deafening; the enemy were clearly visible now, thousands of men with muskets and sabers, calling the names of ibn Saud and ibn Abd al-Wahhab, urging their horses into a gallop under green banners inscribed with the Shahada. Abd al-Rahman waited to give the order to charge, to drive them onto the lines of infantry, but they needed no encouragement; as soon as the Diriyans saw the soldiers at the base of the bluff, they charged straight for them.

    “Yahud!” they shouted. “Tadmir al-Yahud!” The part of the line that their leading troop was charging toward was held by Muslim militiamen from Jaffa and Ashdod, but that hardly mattered; to the Diriyans, all Zaydani foot soldiers were yahud.

    “What did I tell you, ustaz?” said al-Musawi, one of the Shi’ite clan chiefs from Jabal Amil. “The swine will herd themselves.”

    “We’ll still be needed for the slaughter.”

    “Yes, my lord.” To the west, behind the infantry, the first cannon opened fire. “Give the order. We will show them as much mercy as they showed us at Karbala.”

    And when Abd al-Rahman turned to look at al-Musawi’s face, what he saw was hunger.
    _______​

    At Mount Tabor and Acre, Netanel bin Saleh had fought as a common soldier, but a man who was married to the nagidah couldn’t stand in the ranks. He was a chorbaji in this battle – a title that could mean anything from major to brigadier – and he commanded the Zaydani left, closest to the cliffs. The title hardly mattered; after all, his true rank was haham, and maybe someday posek. But the command did, and not for the first time this day, he was grateful for the experienced officers in the emir’s regiments.

    “Present!” they called, and a second later, so did he. He gave the order in French; the ex-prisoners who’d agreed to drill the militia after the peace of Cairo had taught the commands in their own language, and no one had seen any reason to change them. The front rank knelt and raised their muskets to their shoulders; the second rank prepared to fire over their heads.

    The Diriyans came on. They were everywhere in front of Netanel, filling the space between the bluff and the oasis; they were within three hundred yards now, charging at the gallop, and the canister from the six-pounders and the riflemen in the ruined fort were hardly slowing them down.

    Netanel waited, and he wondered – again not for the first time – how these men had come to be his enemy. He’d read the writings of ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and he’d found much in them to admire. Erasing superstition, studying the scriptures to derive law rather than relying blindly on precedent, searching for a personal understanding of the divine – all those things might have been written by his own Dor Daim movement. But he wasn’t fighting ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who had gone to his fathers. He was fighting ibn Saud, who had turned those teachings into murderous fanaticism, who had visited horror on the Shi’ite holy city of Karbala, and who had made no secret of believing that the Holy Land merited the same fate.

    “Ready!” he called. Smoke came from a few of the Diriyans’ muskets, though at this range it did little damage, and Netanel again remembered the day at Mount Tabor when he’d faced what the Diriyan soldiers were about to receive. The men of the Galilee and Nablus had outnumbered the French seven to one that day, so they’d won the battle anyway. The Diriyans didn’t have nearly that advantage.

    They came on. Netanel recalled one of the maxims the French drill instructors had given him: when you think they’re on top of you, count to three, and give the order to fire only then. They were on top of him now. He could see fierce faces, flourished sabers, leveled lances. He counted slowly to three.

    “Fire!” This time, he gave the order in the same moment that the regimental officers and militia commanders did.

    The first two ranks fired; the field was suddenly veiled in sulfur-smelling smoke, and the air was thick with cries of anger and pain and the neighing of terrified horses. Then, as they’d been drilled, they stepped back to reload, and the third and fourth ranks fired a volley of their own.

    The Diriyans came on, charging through the smoke; if there were any cowards among the soldiers of ibn Saud, none of them were here. But the first two ranks fired again, and their own dead men and horses blocked their path. They would reach the Zaydani lines a few at a time, not in an irresistible mass.

    And now the infantry had fixed their bayonets, and the cavalry was coming.
    _______​

    “Now!” called Abd al-Rahman, making his voice carry. He took only a moment to marvel at the prodigy of a battle going almost entirely to plan, and spurred his horse forward out of the defile.

    He galloped toward the Diriyan flank, riding ahead of his troops, challenging them to catch up with him. This felt no different than when he’d been twenty-two: the sheer physical joy of riding a fast horse with thousands of men at his back and calling his name.

    All but the Shi’ites. Some of them shouted “ya Hossein,” but most, including al-Musawi, cried out “Karbala!”

    And true to their word, they showed no mercy.
    _______​

    It took five days for the Zaydani messenger to find the place where the Egyptian and Nabulsi armies camped and come back with a message from Ibrahim Bey. Muhammad Ali had done much as the Porte had: send his chief rival to Hejaz with the Mamluk emirs of upper Egypt at his back, in the hope that the Diriyans would thin their ranks. So far, they hadn’t.

    Netanel was in the emir’s tent with the other officers, sharing ayran and giving his daily report, when the messenger returned. The rider put the message on the rug between the commanders; Abd al-Rahman picked it up, broke the seal with a flourish, and read.

    “Ibrahim Bey congratulates us on our victory and wishes us to advance toward Medina,” he said. “But…”

    Netanel finished the sentence before the emir could. “But not my men.”

    Abd al-Rahman nodded. “He praises them. But there would be riots if your men entered Medina, much less Mecca.” He put the message down, rose to his feet, and walked around to where Netanel sat. “You will stay here – occupy the ruined fort, send out patrols, warn us if ibn Saud sends any more armies to attack from the east. It will be a post of honor for you – I will make sure the Egyptians and Nabulsi know that.”

    The emir looked to Netanel’s face and must have seen something there, because he put a hand on his shoulder. “Your family and mine have been together in this for a hundred years, since both of us were nobody,” he said. “Of course I’ll tell them.”

    But that wasn’t what Netanel had been thinking about. Part of his mind was considering how to get the Galilee militia’s cannon up to the ruined fort and where to place them. Another part was thinking of the Jews who lived far to the east in al Qatif and Muscat – pearl divers, so the Baghdadis claimed – and whether, if the war moved into the heart of Diriyah after the Hejaz was captured, his patrols might range that far. There were lost things here to be found, scattered people to be contacted, lost learning to be regained.

    And something else occurred to him. “What is the name of this place?”

    Whatever answer Netanel may have expected from the emir, he didn’t expect laughter, much less the raucous belly laugh that echoed in the tent. “Don’t you know?” Abd al-Rahman said. “This is the oasis of Khaybar. You have returned, my brave scholar. You have returned.”
     
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    SHTETL ELEGY DECEMBER 1812
  • SHTETL ELEGY
    DECEMBER 1812

    It had snowed for days, and it felt like the snow would never stop. It felt like none of this would ever stop – the snow falling through the pine and spruce, the hunger that would neither go away nor let itself be ignored, the cold that was as far below freezing as a summer day was above, the partisans that ambushed every foraging party and seemed to lurk behind every tree. This was the way the world had always been, the way it would always be; this was the way the retreating Grand Army was fated to live until, inevitably, it died.

    Brigadier General Henri Rottembourg had brought a full brigade into Russia. He had about a battalion’s worth of troops left, and at that, his brigade was one of the fortunate ones. He’d kept them together, kept them disciplined, fought off the partisans, made sure that whatever the foragers brought back was distributed fairly, found what shelter from the storm he could. But still, on a good day, ten more of his men would be dead or missing at every halt; on a bad day, fifty.

    The Grand Duchy of Warsaw was, he estimated, eight or ten days’ march away. If he had half a battalion left when he got there, he’d consider it a greater victory than Borodino had been – it would at least be a victory that promised life, rather than death and more death.

    Dusk was falling, and a shadow loomed ahead of him in the darkness – a soldier in a greatcoat wrapped against the cold, a scout returning. “There’s a village ahead, sir. A kilometer, maybe a little more.”

    “Still standing?” Rottembourg’s voice held a touch of surprise; few of the villages along the line of retreat remained intact. The ones the Russian army hadn’t burned to scorch the earth had been destroyed by the peasants themselves before they fled, or by the factions in the shadowy civil war that was swirling within the main war. If God was smiling on France, there would be some food left, or a few houses intact enough to provide some shelter from the wind. But the scout had said “a village,” not “a ruin,” and that promised something more.

    “Most of it, sir. I didn’t go in, but it looked like the houses were still there, and the barns too. And there were lights. Someone had a fire going.”

    Someone had a fire going. That could mean Russians, partisans, deserters – it could mean more straggling French soldiers, though Rottembourg had seen no sign of any. Whoever it was would likely be dangerous, and it might be best to skirt the village and find another place to camp. But he’d face mutiny if he did, and the chance of someplace warm and dry to spend the night was worth the chance of having to fight for it.

    He raised a closed fist over his head for a halt, and sent the scout running to gather what remained of his officers. “We’ll go in as fast as we can,” he said. “Let them see we’ve got a battalion. Maybe they won’t fight us. But make sure everyone fixes their bayonets, just in case.” It would be sword and bayonet work if it came to a fight – there was no keeping a musket primed in this weather.

    They halted again at the edge of the forest, fifty meters from the village. It was intact, or mostly so; a few burned buildings and a fresh-dug ditch surrounding the outer fence gave mute testament that it hadn’t entirely escaped the war, but it was still an inhabited place, not the ghost of one. And there was smoke rising from chimneys through the snow. Someone was there.

    An inhabited place was a defended place. “Ware loopholes,” Rottembourg said, and peered through the darkness at the holes that had been cut in the fence at just the right height to fire a musket through. They weren’t sophisticated defenses, and whoever was in the village would no more be firing any muskets tonight than Rottembourg’s troopers, but there was reason to be quick and reason to be wary. “In through there,” he said, pointing to the main gate. “Knock it down. Get into the center as fast as we can and form square, but if anyone attacks from one of the houses, don’t wait. Now!”

    He was off at a run, and his men with him. The pioneer troop – what was left of the pioneer troop, got to the gate first, hacking with their axes, and then it was down. The soldiers poured into the village and, seeing a deserted green ahead of them, made for it. In a moment, they had formed a square, bayonets bristling outward in all directions.

    So far, no one had attacked. But there were fires – Rottembourg could see the glow through shuttered windows – and surely, by now, whoever was in the houses knew he was there. Were they planning an assault? Or barring their doors and getting ready to ambush anyone who might try to enter?

    “Should we try talking to them, sir?” asked Captain Guillou – not an officer from Rottembourg’s original brigade, but one who’d joined them for the long retreat. “I speak some Russian.”

    “Me too. I’ll go.” The captain raised a hand in protest, but Rottembourg waved him down – this was something he had to do himself. The square opened ranks at his command, and he walked toward the nearest of the houses; he had no white flag, but he opened his hands and raised them above his head. One of the shutters that faced him was slightly ajar, and he stared into it, hoping to catch some movement and get some sign of who was inside.

    What he saw, flashing past the gap in the shutter, was a man’s ear and the sidelock that hung in front of it.

    A Jew. There were Jews and Jews in Russia, and many of them weren’t friendly – he’d learned that a lifetime ago, in the earliest days of the invasion – but this didn’t look like the stronghold of one of the Hasidic sects that fought for the Tsar. Those, Rottembourg had found, were more heavily defended, and their territories were patrolled; there had been no signs of such patrols near here, nor were there any of the kabbalistic symbols that they typically put on their houses to avert the evil eye.

    He stopped in his tracks and cried out a sentence that was not in Russian: Shema Yisrael, Adonai Eloheinu, Adonai ehad. And then another word: chaverim.

    The officers and men in the village square looked at him as if he’d grown wings, but there were suddenly voices within the house as well. The shutter opened slowly, barely more than a crack; a man’s head appeared at the window and looked at him with piercing eyes, taking in his uniform, the sword at his belt, the absence of sidelocks and fringes.

    “Zhid?” he said. “You?” He sounded disbelieving, but his next words were in Yiddish. “Soldiers, are you? Napoleon? What do you want?”

    Rottembourg’s soldiers recognized the name “Napoleon” and some spoke German, so they could tell that peace had at least begun to be made, and he could almost feel the relaxation of tension, the loosening of their grip on bayoneted muskets. “We want shelter for the night. Food, if you have it – we can pay. We’ll be gone in the morning.”

    “If you’re against the bastard Romanov, you’re welcome here,” said the man in the house. “And we’d welcome you for more than a day, if we could feed you that long. What the Tsar’s soldiers haven’t done to us, the rabbis who fight for him do, and for the time you’re here, at least, they won’t.”

    “Good enough, then. I am Rottembourg; I speak for my men, and you have my word of honor on behalf of the Emperor.”

    “Dovid. And no emperor has honor, but I’ll trust in yours.”

    That, it seemed, was enough. The doors opened; men, women and children came out of the houses to stare at the soldiers and to unlock barns and sheds. Officers divided the buildings between the troops; a lucky few found space in the houses themselves, where there were dry floors and fires burning.

    “Sentries,” said Rottembourg to Guillou. “Get twenty men up on rooftops, two to a post; twenty more at the fence. But change them every hour.” It would be cruel to leave anyone up there longer than that, and besides, in this cold, a sentry left out too long was liable to fall asleep or worse.

    Rottembourg and his staff, such as it was, found places in Dovid’s house. More people lived there than he’d thought: Dovid’s wife Malka, his parents, a widowed sister, and a dozen children who stared at Rottembourg and couldn’t believe he was a Jew. “There are many Jews in France who look like me, and some of them are also officers in the army,” he said, and they believed him even less.

    The adults did believe him, and they spoke of the Tsar they hated and the Emperor who’d promised emancipation. “Though we don’t want that either,” Dovid cautioned. “Your Emperor’s Sanhedrin would change things too much.” Rottembourg nodded; unlike the urban Jews who’d supported the invasion and even enlisted in the Grand Army in the early days, these village mitnagdim were deeply traditional. But they still saw, in emancipation, the promise that they might be left alone, and that had been enough for them to hope for a French victory.

    “But your Emperor lost, and now all the scores are being settled,” said Malka. And the other men and women told stories of raids and counter-raids; the Chabad Regiment and the other Hasidic militias who fought for the Tsar ambushed the mitnagdim and rival Hasidim as well as French troops, and were willing enough to enact the Tsar’s scorched-earth decree against their own pro-French coreligionists. Thus, Rottembourg gathered, this village’s new-built defenses; thus the burned settlements that he’d seen to the north and east.

    “Some of them are gone – to Odessa, to the towns in the south where there’s no fighting,” said Dovid. “One village went to Astrakhan – can you believe it? ‘It’s one of the places allowed to us, and it’s a long way from anywhere,’ they said. We thought about going too, but now it’s too late – not in this weather, not with soldiers all around.”

    “Maybe we can leave you some muskets,” said Rottembourg – what was left of his brigade had far more guns than men to carry them, and he’d seen the ancient, rusty weapons that Dovid’s family had. “To see you to the war’s end.”

    “If it stops then.” But the food the women had cooked for the troops was ready now – kasha and potatoes and onions and turnips, the food of poverty but filling all the same – and silence fell as they ate. After, the family stretched out to sleep and Rottembourg sat and stared into the fire. The silence continued.

    Then it was broken by the shout of a sentry from the rooftop, followed by a gunshot and the sound of running men.

    Rottembourg rushed to the shutter and saw them: bearded raiders in snow-covered black coats and fur hats, who’d wrapped their muskets in oilskin to keep the priming dry and who were kicking doors open and firing through the doorways. They must have heard we were here, Rottembourg thought, or maybe, as Malka had said, they were settling scores, but he needed to form his men up now.

    He ran into the snow, followed by his startled officers and, to his surprise, by Dovid, shouting for his men to gather on the green as they had before. A musket ball cracked past his head. Sounds of fighting came from a few of the barns, where the partisans had shot their way in and were now struggling with the Frenchmen hand to hand.

    He reached the green, surrounded by a protective knot of soldiers and villagers, and took stock. The best he could tell was that there were about a hundred partisans; not nearly enough to overcome a force the size of his now that the surprise had passed. His men were already massing in the square and their sergeants were shouting them into formation; soon enough, they’d root the raiders out of the barns and sheds one at a time. Or…

    “Cease fire!” he shouted in Yiddish. “Whoever’s leading you, come and talk. We have a brigade here and you don’t have enough men to fight us. Come and talk before anyone else dies.”

    He heard more shouting and gunfire and clashing of steel, and for a moment, he was sure he’d have to root them out after all. But then someone called out an order, the fighting abruptly stopped, and one of the partisans stepped forward on the rutted street.

    “I am Yossel,” he said. “You can talk to me.”

    “Captain Yossel? Colonel Yossel?”

    “Reb Yossel is enough.”

    “All right, Reb Yossel,” said Rottembourg. “You have a hundred men here, and you can see that I have many more – enough to handle the men you’ve got with you and the others that you’ve got coming around to attack from the north.” A very badly-hidden look of surprise crossed Yossel’s face; evidently, Rottembourg had guessed right. “I could kill you all, but many of my men would die too, and I’d rather get them home. You have five minutes to give me your oath that you will leave this place and let my brigade go unmolested in the morning. If you do, we will let you leave and not pursue you.” He took a pocket-watch from his greatcoat, the one Napoleon had given him when he’d become the only Jew in the French army to hold general’s rank. “The five minutes starts now.”

    Yossel called other men to his side and held a whispered conference in the swirling snowfall. “What about your oath, Tzarfati?” he said. “Do you swear that you and your godless Emperor will quit this country and seduce no more Jews from the path of Ribono Shel Olam?”

    “I can’t swear for my Emperor. You know that. But I think you can see that France isn’t likely to pass this way again.”

    “But you will leave this land?”

    “That’s what I’m trying to do. To leave it in peace.”

    Another whispered conference, and Yossel spoke again. “If you can’t give an oath, then neither will I. But you have my word, if you care to trust it. A commander of the Chabad Regiment doesn’t lie.”

    Rottembourg’s eyes flashed to Dovid’s face and saw no objection in it; evidently lying, at least, was not among the sins with which the mitnagdim charged the Chabad partisans. “Yes, then. Your word for mine. You will leave now, and I will leave at dawn.”

    Yossel gave another order and the partisans flowed out of the village and through the broken gate; one of them went running to warn off the men in the north. Rottembourg looked at his watch; it had been three minutes.

    “Find out how many wounded and dead,” he told Guillou; he was already certain that this wouldn’t be one of the good days. “At least we’re in a village; the women will have needles and thread to sew up wounds.”

    Dovid nodded. “We’ll do what we can,” he said. “I could wish that you’d also asked for Yossel’s word not to attack this village again, but if you had, he wouldn’t have given it.” He stood in silence for a moment more, and said, “Let us leave with you tomorrow.”

    “All of you? Women and children?”

    “It won’t be safe here anymore, now that they know we’ve paid host to a battalion of you. Not even with a ditch and loopholes. And we have sixty able-bodied men – you’ll have that many more guns to protect you.”

    And that many more mouths to feed, Rottembourg thought. But after the shelter the villagers had given him, he couldn’t honorably refuse.

    “How far will you come with us? To Warsaw? Surely not to France.”

    “No, not France.” Humor rippled through Dovid’s voice – humor, at least, of a sort. “As I said, we have no desire to become like you. And Warsaw is full, and the people there aren’t kind to us. We’ll get across the border and then think of where to go.”

    “Odessa? Astrakhan, like the other village?”

    “Maybe. Maybe someplace farther.”

    Farther than Astrakhan. Right now even the border seemed farther than Astrakhan, in this endless winter of war. But Rottembourg would know where he was going when he got there. Dovid would know too.
     
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    AND THE SOLDIERS CAME HOME JUNE-AUGUST 1813
  • AND THE SOLDIERS CAME HOME
    JUNE-AUGUST 1813

    The soldiers had come home to Tzfat, and so they were there to see the inauguration of the Va’ad ha-Aretz. Some had even come to take oath and become part of it.

    The Council of the Land had been long in the making, and the nagidah had laid the groundwork for six patient years, sowing its seeds where she had to and nurturing them where they’d already begun to grow. The soldiers’ return three months ago had been the time to bring it to fruition. The nagidah had gone to every village and to every neighborhood of the towns; it had been a good time to show her face, praise the people for their victory, and learn their concerns directly and immediately rather than through officials or after the fact through audiences and petitions. And it had also been a good time to learn who the people thought would best speak for them.

    She had listened and she had learned – shura, her Muslim advisors called it, and there were other words for it in Judaism. In some places, it had been obvious who the leading man was; in others, it had taken hours of discussion and multiple visits to reach a consensus; still others had agreed to accept her arbitration.

    She’d announced the names a month ago, together with a long brief that drew from treatises on shura, from rabbinic writings on consent of the governed, and from the history of Jewish municipal governance. It was a brief that reminded many of the one by which the Paris Sanhedrin had justified itself, and indeed, that was where the nagidah had got the idea. But it was also a brief that had been carefully written so that the hahamim and qadis of the Holy Land could raise no quarrel.

    Today they would take the oath – nineteen Jews, fourteen Muslims, five Christians and two Druze. Had the choosing gone strictly according to population, the number of Jews would have been twenty-five, but in the decades that the nagidate had ruled the Galilee, they’d learned how important it was for government not only to be shared but to be seen to be shared. The council would be a fractious one; let it fracture along other lines than that.

    They will be fractious, Netanel had said when she’d shown him the list. But some of them are strong-willed men, Dalia. They may show their strength against you.

    Then we will see who is the stronger
    , she’d answered. She’d known, even then, that sometimes she wouldn’t be. But the risk of such times was worth the many others when the councilmen would add their strength to hers and let the Sanhedrin know that they weren’t the only ones who could speak for the people. The Sanhedrin was strong when its members spoke together; let there be a balance now, on the civil side.

    She would rather work with the Sanhedrin than against it. She’d married the Sanhedrin. When she and the hahamim were in unity, they had done mighty things. But the Sanhedrin was a force, and forces needed restraint.

    Then what about the times when the Va’ad and the Sanhedrin both oppose you? Sahar Zuabi had asked.

    Those are the times when they’re probably right.

    Sahar had been content to leave it at that, but Leah Karo had asked the next question: And if they aren’t? If you truly believe you are right and the Va’ad and Sanhedrin will lead the country to disaster? Will you be able to stand against them all?

    I will try
    , she’d said, and that was the only answer she, or anyone, could give.

    And now it was the day.

    The council would meet – four weeks a year, or when it was called – in the same building that housed the municipal authority and the hall of records. It would advise on appointments and matters of civil law; it would ask questions and answer them. But their oath would be taken in another place. There was only one place where such a thing could happen: the ruined courtyard of the Nasi palazzo where all things that must be done in the sight of the public were done.

    The nagidah stood alone, facing the forty men who would take office and the thousands who had come to witness. Some of them came from families that had lived in the Galilee since immemorial times; others had come from Yemen and Sudan, Poland and Spain, and everywhere in between. She herself showed nothing of her Iberian ancestors; it was important today that she be of the Galilee and nothing else. Her gown and mantle were blue and silver Peki’in silk; her elaborately-tied hair covering was of the same; her necklace, made by Tzfat’s silversmiths, was linked grapevines.

    She stepped forward, and there was silence. What she was about to do had never been done before. Women had reigned, women had governed, but for a woman to administer a judicial oath – not even Deborah had done that.

    “My judges, my advisors, my guardians,” she said, “raise your hands to the Name.”
    _______​

    The soldiers had come home to Kfar Tirah. There were always soldiers coming home to Kfar Tirah, as there were always soldiers going off to serve. All the agricultural villages owed personal allegiance to the Zaydani emir, sworn to provide food and soldiers for his armies in exchange for their grants of land, and the Polish Regiment remained their regiment even though only three in ten of its men these days were Polish. But homecomings at war’s end were still unlike all others, and three months ago, Kfar Tirah had known feasting and joyous prayer.

    Three soldiers who had missed that homecoming came to Kfar Tirah now by the Ashdod road. One of them, wounded at the gates of Diriyah, had spent long months convalescing. The other two were part of the new rotating garrison at Khaybar, and had stayed beyond their tour of duty to accompany their comrade home.

    The wounded one – scarred, blind in one eye, and walking with a cane – was named Noah. Like many citizens of the agricultural villages, he was descended from the followers of Judah the Pious – in fact, from Judah himself. He’d grown up praising the Name with song and dancing with the Torah at midnight, a dance he would never do again.

    He had found other ways of praise. The second soldier, Elias, had taught them to him.

    Elias was from Cairo, and his family followed the Rambam’s son. Many Jews in Egypt had once done so – adopting the rites of Sufism, holding fasts and vigils, contemplating the Name for hours in silence, going on mystical quests for His higher worlds. These practices had declined in Egypt for centuries, but some families had kept to them, and they were gaining new life now that so many documents had been unearthed from the Fustat geniza.

    They’d taken root especially in the villages. One might think that Sufi asceticism was opposite to Judah the Pious’s holy joy, but in Kfar Tirah and many other places, the people had found them instead to be complementary. Ecstasy was how they prayed together, but abstinence was a guide to seeking the Name when they were alone. It had become common to do so in the coastal villages, which were newer and where many Masri Jews had settled, but the Egyptian ways were spreading even to the older settlements in Wadi Ara and Jezreel.

    They had spread to the third soldier, whose name was Muhammad.

    More than one man of Kfar Tirah had that name; there were many Muslims who sojourned or found work in the villages, and some had decided they liked that way of living. A few had become Jews, but most had added Judah’s rites and prayers to their Islam as the Rambam’s son had added Sufism to his Judaism. The qadis and mufti of the cities thought them as close to the edge of heresy as the Sanhedrin had regarded Judah; they had their own imams, and they didn’t care.

    The three were within sight of Kfar Tirah now; they’d reached the point where the road crested a hilltop and ran down to the land that the villagers had reclaimed from the swamp. On the hilltop itself was the ruined castle that gave Kfar Tirah its name – whether built by Crusaders, Mamluks, Romans, or others far more ancient, no one knew. Lately it had become a place of prayer. A high place of Baal, some rabbis called it, and the Sanhedrin discouraged such practices in the towns, but they could hardly ban them when the Rambam’s descendants had written of them with approval.

    They would stop here for now.

    “Help me to the top?” asked Noah. It was still a question for him, not a statement; it had taken him long before his pride would let him ask it at all. Elias took one of his arms, Muhammad paused to draw a bucket of water from the well and took the other, and together, they climbed the ruined stairs.

    Grass grew in the cracks of the roof, and much of the parapet was missing; Noah made a full, slow turn, looking down to his home and the sea, looking east to where Jerusalem was hidden in the hills. He washed the dust of the road from his feet with water from the bucket, and the others followed; he and Elias stretched their hands toward Jerusalem and Muhammad toward Mecca, and they found places against what remained of the wall. They would spend two days and nights here; they would fast and keep watch; they would recite the ninety-nine divine attributes under the stars; they would engage in hitbodedut, silent prayer and contemplation of the Name. Maybe, in Asiyah or Yetzirah – or Beriyah, if only they could reach it – they would find Him.

    “What will you pray for?” Noah asked. He knew what he would pray for: the strength to bear his wounds, to make them part of him.

    “Peace,” said Muhammad. “What else does a soldier pray for?”

    There was that, too.

    Maybe there was peace in the tower. And maybe if Noah found it, he could return to Kfar Tirah’s joy.
    _______​

    The soldiers had come home to Nablus, and Nathan Mayer – once a chef de bataillon in Napoleon’s army, now a chorbaji in Faisal Tuqan’s – came home for the second time. He’d had a month of home leave after Diriyah surrendered, but then they’d sent him with the Galilean officers to oversee the Khaybar fort’s repair.

    There were a dozen forts now along the Hejaz border, partly to guard against the House of Saud and partly to keep watch on Ibrahim Bey. Since he’d installed himself as vizier and warlord of Hejaz, Ibrahim had been loud in his protestations of loyalty to the Porte, Muhammad Ali, and the Sharif of Mecca, but no one really believed him. He was a lion, and a lion was needed in case the Diriyans broke the peace treaty, but lions were never tame.

    That would be someone else’s problem now. They’d offered Nathan command of three forts and noble rank if he took it, but as Rottembourg had told him on the day of Tilsit, his destiny was not to be a peacetime soldier.

    Nor was it to be a diplomat. He was still the French consul in Jerusalem – at least no one had told him differently – and he’d tarried a week there on the way home catching up on the pilgrims’ and foreign merchants’ affairs. But Rottembourg’s parting words to him notwithstanding, the post hadn’t led to any further preferment, In fact it seemed that the foreign ministry had forgotten him; his reports were rarely acknowledged, and it had been years since Paris had sent him orders. He supposed that France had more important fish to fry than a consulate in the Levant, and after the disaster in Russia, he doubted that it thought much of Jerusalem at all.

    But there were compensations to being in a post no one cared about – it meant they also didn’t care about what else he did. No one cared that he’d married into the Farhi clan; no one cared when he’d accepted a commission as a Nabulsi officer; no one cared that he now worked openly as the Rothschilds’ man of business in the Levant. For a while, he’d had a wistful sense that great things were happening in Europe and he wasn’t part of them, but that sense had vanished along with the Grand Army in Russia – and if he ever still wondered, all he had to do was remember that here was where Sarah Farhi had become Sarah Mayer.

    He would see her in an hour’s time.

    He rode through the hills south of the city, past olive groves and farms, past the estates where many of the new-rich had built mansions. Haim Farhi had built a villa here, and that was where Nathan and Sarah had been married. He rode past it. The Farhis would want to see him, but there would be plenty of time for that.

    Over another hilltop, and he could see the city. It had visibly prospered even in the year he’d been away, and he flattered himself he had something to do with that; he’d made sure that in addition to Galilee vineyards and pilgrims’ hostels in Jerusalem, the house of Rothschild had invested here too. The Rothschilds imported olive-oil soap, fine cloth, and furniture; the workshops of Nablus were busy, new neighborhoods were going up outside the walls, and the qadis had their hands full enforcing the labor codes.

    His house was inside the walls, past the south gate in the district where the Samaritans had lived for centuries and that Jewish newcomers preferred. There were enough Jews in Nablus now for a synagogue – the Damascene Synagogue, it was called, and its founding members had indeed followed Farhi from that city, but most of the new arrivals were Yerushalmis who preferred Nablus’s dynamism to Jerusalem’s tradition. Nathan couldn’t blame them, not when he was one of them himself.

    The synagogue, too, could wait. Because two streets up and one to the right, there was an ancient stone house where Sarah had planted jasmine at the garden wall in the first year of their marriage, and he knew that was where he would find her.
    _______​

    The soldiers who were members of the Sanhedrin had come home, and the Sanhedrin – those who had been soldiers, and those who had not – met in Hebron. The statute they were to approve today was, like the nagidah’s council, years in the making, and it would never have got this far if there weren’t a consensus for it. But there were still details – there were always details – and the Yerushalmi rabbis would have to agree with them, so it was best to meet on their territory.

    Netanel bin Saleh al-Khaybari – so the emir had titled him two years past – rose from his seat at the head of the table. He was neither Nasi nor Av Beit Din, but this was his proposal, the product of a month in France eight years ago and many hours of conversation with the nagidah since. By now, nearly everyone had had their say about it, but by the courtesies of the Sanhedrin, it was still his, and it was his right to move it.

    “You have all read the latest brief?” he asked, but the question was a formality: everyone had. The brief – that seemed to have become the way of doing things – began with the Talmudic writings on the education suitable to a rabbi, a survey of the historical academies, a review of the statutes of the new rabbinical schools in France and Italy, and ended where it began, with a draft curriculum in arts and sciences for the Or Tamid.

    Netanel didn’t propose to go nearly as far as in France, where secular and military studies made up a full third of the coursework, nor would such studies even become mandatory. But the Or Tamid would have a budget to hire lecturers in subjects of interest to its students, to buy books, to subscribe to scholarly journals. And it would have a mandate to incorporate new knowledge into its jurisprudence.

    There had been little disagreement, even with the latter of those; the Rambam had cited medical treatises in his rulings, so how could they ignore such things? There were many other examples being unearthed from the geniza. Molcho himself, to Netanel’s surprise, had observed that it was fortunate for the Sanhedrin to have had engineering treatises from Ferrara and Lisbon when it had reformed its commentaries on the Law of the Parapet after the last century’s earthquake. “This was one time the other Sanhedrin was right,” he’d said – he, Molcho, the dean of the Yerushalmi traditionalists, had said it.

    But there had been the arguments over the subjects to be taught, the places where the money would come from, where the libraries would be, and it was on the last two that the Yerushalmi faction had dug in its heels. Molcho had insisted that not a piaster be taken from the subsidies to the holy sites, and that there be a library in Jerusalem as well as one in Tzfat. His long-term goal was plainly to have a full branch of the Or Tamid in his city, but for now, he’d settle for an arrangement that gave him a say in the courses to be taught and the books to be purchased.

    And now, having finished the latest draft of the brief, he looked up and nodded.

    “Are we agreed then?” asked Netanel, and the word “yes,” in four languages, answered him.

    Then it is done, compromises and all. Netanel himself regretted only one of them – that there wouldn’t be a post for a lecturer in geography. After Diriyah surrendered, he’d been one of the officers the emir had sent to the Bahrain coast to oversee the Saudi withdrawal. He’d lived for a year among the pearl-diving Jews of al-Qatif; he’d been sent to negotiate in Muscat and Shiraz; he’d come home by way of Baghdad. There was so much more of the world out there, Jewish and not, and the Sanhedrin would have to know it to be part of it.

    There will be time to learn, I hope – before the soldiers march again.
     
    RESTORATION BLUES JULY 1814
  • RESTORATION BLUES
    JULY 1814

    “Are you certain,” said Rabbi Abraham Vita de Cologna to Carel Asser, “that I can’t persuade you to stay another term?”

    “I regret that you can’t. It’s been pleasant teaching here and revisiting the scene of old battles, but I’ve been summoned to a new post at the Hague.”

    “Have you?” Vita’s voice held a note of surprise; Asser had never been one for posts. He’d grown stout and florid, and had clearly prospered since his time in the Paris Sanhedrin, but he’d done so as a private advocate, and he no more cared to take direction from others now than he had when he’d pulled a sword on David Sinzheim.

    But Asser nodded. “I’ve been appointed to the commission to draft a constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands.”

    Yes, thought Vita, that would be enough to tempt Asser away from his chambers in Amsterdam and Paris, and certainly from lecturing in civil law at the École nationale rabbinique. It also meant that the Dutch Jews would remain emancipated – not that there was much doubt about that, but it was still a comfort at a time when the German states and Rome were rescinding their emancipation decrees and when what had been the Grand Duchy of Warsaw had abandoned even its tepid reforms and returned to the full rigor of Prussian law.

    And a greater comfort is that France is going the way of the Netherlands. There were some, at the beginning, who’d spoken in favor of repealing the laws that had liberated French Jews after the Revolution, but it had quickly become clear that the Bourbons didn’t intend to listen. The new king and his ministers were inclined to rock the boat as little as possible, and besides, the feeling within the government was that the French Jews had earned their privileges. The Interior Minister had said as much to Vita a month ago – you were Frenchmen under Bonaparte, and his Majesty wishes you to continue to be Frenchmen…

    “The bargain worked,” he murmured. It had been a risky bargain – accept the co-option of Jewish communal institutions by the state and agree to a program of educating them as patriotic French citizens – but Sinzheim had managed to walk that tightrope, and so had Vita after he’d succeeded Sinzheim as President of the Central Consistory and Chief Rabbi of France. The French Jews had made their concessions at the Paris Sanhedrin but had conceded no more of the faith, and Sinzheim had used the consistorial tax to spread Jewish primary schools to every corner of the country. Even the requirement that the rabbinical school devote a third of its curriculum to secular studies had enabled it to play patron to half the Jewish natural philosophers and men of letters in Europe. The newspapers were calling Paris the Israelite Athens – a name that some rabbis found too Hellenistic to be comfortable, but when Acre and Tzfat were the other options, and when the bills the visiting professors paid to the Rothschilds for imported kosher wine were so awe-inspiring, Vita couldn’t argue against it…

    “I wouldn’t be so sure,” Asser said, and Vita looked up sharply from his reverie. “It won’t go back to the way things were before, that’s true. But you’ll find that you have to sail with the wind.”

    “We are patriots now, we will be patriots tomorrow.”

    “Patriotism meant something different under Bonaparte than under the republic, no? And it will mean another thing under the king. I doubt you’ve had your last visit from the interior ministry, and I expect your next visitor may come bearing lists.” Asser seemed about to say something more, but he left it at that. “Will I be seeing you tonight at our nagidah’s?”

    “Madame de Rothschild, you mean?” Jacob Mayer Rothschild had been sent to Paris two years ago to open a branch of the family bank; his young wife had become the queen of the Jewish salon-keepers. Asser wasn’t the only one who Vita had heard calling her “our nagidah,” and most of those who did had the same note of sarcasm. European maskilim tended to be uncomfortable with women having too much freedom, especially if they had intellectual pretensions; Asser had less of that attitude than many, but he had his share.

    He still wouldn’t miss one of her soirees, though. Few people would.

    “I think so. I have work to finish at my office, but supper at the Rothschilds’ table is agreeable.”

    “It is. If I were a young man seeking a patron, I’d bet that you could convince me to stay here another term, just for the free meals. But the Interior Minister’s table is less agreeable, and nothing he serves is free.”
    _______​

    As it happened, the commissioner from the Interior Ministry was waiting for Vita when he returned to his office, and he did bear a list.

    “May I come in?” he said, polite as he always was. “If you have a moment, I have some matters to discuss with you regarding the management of the rabbinical school.”

    Vita opened the door and let the commissioner precede him inside. “Does his Majesty disapprove of the way the school is being managed?”

    “Oh no, of course not! His Majesty has every confidence in your management. The government holds you in the highest respect. But we have… reviewed the faculty appointments, and we believe there are some who it might be time to superannuate. We’ve taken the liberty, as well, of proposing candidates to be promoted to fill their posts.”

    Might, proposing, candidates – the commissioner hadn’t phrased anything as an order, and Vita knew from experience that these lists were negotiable. The hard-line Bonapartists like Furtado had resigned already, and if he wanted to save a couple of the proposed retirees or veto one or two of the candidates, he could. He took the list in hand and scanned the names; at first glance, there were some that he would negotiate. But the message was clear: the Bonapartists were to be replaced by royalists, and while individual lecturers might be on the table, that change was not.

    Nor was the next change, because the commissioner wasn’t finished.

    “We have also discussed within the ministry,” he said, “that we might ask your faculty for a ruling – no, not a ruling, an opinion, or possibly a treatise. We have been unable to locate a commentary on Jewish theology as it relates to kings, and it would be of interest to us – what is the Jewish conception of kingship, what duties are expected of a king, from what source does the king derive his right to rule. Your faculty appears well qualified to prepare a brief on that subject, and it is a project we would most urgently care for you to undertake.”

    Again, the commissioner spoke with the utmost politeness, one gentleman addressing another. But again, his intent was clear, and Vita suddenly realized that the bargain had changed. Bonaparte had demanded a religious ruling that Jews should be patriots, but Louis le Désiré wanted more – he wanted the French Jews to confirm not only patriotism but royalism, and ultra-royalism at that, as an article of faith. The writings that could support a brief on the divine right of kings came instantly to his mind, and the commissioner, who was as well-versed in Jewish theology as many rabbis, no doubt knew them too.

    Vita recalled his thought of only the hour before – the French Jews had made their concessions at the Paris Sanhedrin but had conceded no more of the faith. It seemed that would not be true any more.

    “Let me consult with the faculty, and with the presidents of the consistories,” he temporized. “A project such as this will require a consensus.”

    “We certainly would not want it otherwise. Shall I expect your initial report in a month’s time?”

    “That should be sufficient, yes.”

    “In a month, then,” the commissioner said, and rose from the chair with his hat in hand. It was a long time before Vita could return to his work.
    _______​

    “It is indeed a pleasure, Madame Rothschild,” said Vita, bowing over her hand. “But if you will excuse me, there’s an old friend here who I need to talk to.”

    “Of course.” After two years in Paris, Hannah Rothschild was as familiar with the rituals of greeting as anyone, and she handled them with grace. She was tall, angular, not conventionally beautiful, but there was an energy about her that made her striking. And she was capable of far more than politeness alone; she’d built a stable of the foremost Jewish intellectuals in Paris, and she’d given ample proof that she could hold their own in conversation with them. She also carried on a wide correspondence, and Vita had often found her useful in keeping up with affairs across the Jewish world.

    But at the moment, there was someone he needed to talk to, and it wasn’t Asser, who stood across the room with a glass of Galilee wine in hand, deep in conversation with a judge of the Paris commercial court. He looked around the salon and found him – Rottembourg, perhaps the most prominent of Bonaparte’s Jewish carrières aux talents, promoted to general of divisions after the Russian disaster and newly confirmed in his rank by the king.

    “What can I do for you, Rabbi?” he asked.

    “Do I remember correctly that you know Abbé Montesquiou?”

    “I met the man during the negotiations this spring, and of course I know he’s the Interior Minister, but I wouldn’t say we’re friends…” He looked at Vita with sudden comprehension. “Are you asking me to persuade him against his plans for your school? Because I don’t have nearly the influence with him to do that.”

    Vita shook his head. “No. What I ask is that my replacement be a man of integrity, and I would like your help in persuading him to accept that man.”

    “That, yes…” Rottembourg began, but stopped short. “Your replacement? You are resigning?”

    “There is a point at which a man is asked to concede too much, and I am at that point. I don’t know how to comply with what the ministry expects and be true to the faith, so another man must figure out how to do that.”

    Rottembourg was silent for a moment. “I once advised a young man to resign and go to the Holy Land. Can I presume to advise you differently? A man of your learning and wisdom is needed in France.”

    “I was born in Italy, mon general, and I have a duty I can’t fulfill. The Holy Land, you say?”

    In truth, Vita had thought no further than resigning – he’d had a vague idea that he might return to Mantua, but nothing more – but the Holy Land held a sudden attraction. And if he went there, he realized, he would become a member of their Sanhedrin. No one, as far as he knew, had been a member of both the Grand Sanhedrin of Paris and the Great Sanhedrin of Palestine; if he did, he would be the first.

    The first – and suddenly the Rothschild salon seemed far away, and he thought of all the places where the hard-won rights of the Jewish community were being stripped from it – but, I suspect, not the last.
     
    THE SARRAF BASHI AUGUST 1815
  • THE SARRAF BASHI
    AUGUST 1815

    The Shorja Market was burning. From Sassoon ben Salih’s house on Shari al-Hennouni, he could see the flames rise. They were getting closer, and so were the shouts of the mob, the clash of steel, the thud of bricks and stones, the shattering and crackling of stalls and houses given to the flames.

    “Hurry!” he called to his wife and children. “Don’t stop for anything, just take what you can carry! Come now!” His wife Amam called in turn to the servants and the hired Circassian guards, bringing them running from every part of the house.

    Not fast enough. “Come, come!” he shouted again, standing at the gate. The riot was only blocks away and rising to a crescendo. If they didn’t leave soon, they would stand little chance of escape, not with Sassoon sixty-six and Amam more than fifty.

    There was usually warning of riots. This time there had been none. Certainly, Baghdad had been on the edge of revolt for months – tinder waiting for the spark – but the fire itself seemed to have come from nowhere.

    No, it only came from a place everyone thought was nowhere while we were all watching the intrigues among the imams and the ashraf families. Baghdad had been under the Porte’s direct rule for two years – after trying and failing to hold the city in 1810, the Sultan decided that Diriyah’s surrender would be an opportune time to try again – and his troops had slain Said Pasha as they had Sulayman the Little and had worked great slaughter among the leading men of the city. Nor had Mehmet Pasha, the Janissary officer who’d been installed as governor, done anything to make amends; he’d looted the Shi’ite mosques, gone out of his way to insult the ashraf and merchant clans, sent brutal punitive expeditions against the Kurdish tribes, and even defied the British consul. For months now, the only support he still had was among the garrison troops – that and the Jews like Sassoon, who didn’t dare show disloyalty lest he lose his post as treasurer and then his life.

    The Mamluk chief Dawud Pasha was in the north gathering an army, and the only question was whether it would be the merchants, the Sufis or the sayyidun who let him in. But all of them waited just a little too long.

    The revolt had come instead from the slums outside the south gate where the people who followed the Diriyan doctrines gathered. No one had counted them as a force – Diriyah had been defeated, after all, and could no longer raid Iraq or send preachers there. Mehmet Pasha sent soldiers in every year or so to destroy their mosques and drive away their imams, but he thought them of little account, a rabble that had no army and were too poor to even bother taxing.

    It turned out, though, that they had knives and bricks and stones, and the means to set fires. And when the latest of Mehmet Pasha’s purges ended with his soldiers not only killing an imam but violating his daughters, they’d surged into the city to burn and kill in their turn.

    Had they settled for taking revenge against the soldiers, that would have been one thing. But they hated the Shi’ites too, and they hated the Christians and Jews as much or more. So they were bringing their fire to everything – to the Assyrian and Armenian quarters, to the Sufi shrines, and to Shorja market and the places of the Jews.

    They were on the Shari al-Hennouni, clashing with what remained of Mehmet Pasha’s guard; the soldiers were running, and there would be nothing left to protect Sassoon ben Salih’s house from the fate of the others on the street.

    “Come now!” he called a third time, and Amam appeared at last, with family and servants and guards following. He began a quick count, but Amam said, “There is no time. Everyone is here – I made sure. And we have sufficient.”

    The Circassians formed up around the family and opened the gate to the street. The smell of the fires was palpable and the Diriyan mob’s battles with the last of the city guard were veiled by thick smoke. The street was a furnace; the wind blew sparks overhead, chased by the noise of battle and shouts of rage and pain.

    “Hurry!” said Sassoon. It went against his pride, but he let one of the manservants take him by the arm and half-carry him to keep up with the guards. The city barracks wasn’t far. If they could reach it, they would be safe.

    “We’ll get there,” Amam answered. “They have the house to loot, and they won’t get rich by following us.” She sounded remarkably cold-blooded about the home where she and Sassoon had lived for forty years and raised seven children, but she was probably right, and if the choice was to lose one’s house or one’s family, there could only be one outcome to pray for.

    “The Name will preserve us,” he murmured, and saw that they had reached the main street and joined the stream of refugees making for the north gate and the barracks.

    Behind them, the mob and the flames engulfed their house, and beyond that, the setting sun was red over the Tigris. A new day was beginning, the ninth of Av.
    _______​

    Four days later, the family gathered in their warehouse in Salhiya on the west side of the Tigris. The riot was done, and so was Mehmet Pasha; Dawud Pasha’s Georgian mamluks and Kurdish tribesmen had entered the city and restored order, and the Ottoman governor had met the headsman after a drumhead trial for crimes against the people. The parts of Baghdad that had survived the chaos were in peace, and the warehouse, which had been at the periphery of the riot and whose strong walls and armed guards had defied entry, would be home for now. Close to a hundred of Baghdad’s other Jews lived there now as well, and soon, they would mark Shabbat Nachamu, the Sabbath of Comfort.

    Many had come to give comfort, and not all of them had been Jews; the family’s Muslim neighbors too had come to express sorrow to the one they called “Sheikh Sassoon” for his piety and charity. And they were luckier than many; they had most of their trade goods, and Amam had saved enough of the money and jewels in their strongbox that they could start over. They would have enough to help others rebuild as well, to restore the Great Synagogue, to donate toward the repairs of ruined churches and mosques…

    Or so they had thought, until the messenger came.

    “It must be important,” Sassoon’s ten-year-old son Yamen had said, marveling at the intricacy of the seal. Sassoon, Amam, and their adult sons found rather less to marvel about. The message was a decree from Dawud Pasha, and it gave and took away; it confirmed Sassoon in his office as sarraf bashi – court treasurer – but tasked him with levying a tax of one third of all the Jewish property in the city.

    “Dawud blames us for the riot,” said David, Sassoon’s oldest son. “We provoked the Wahhabis, so we must pay for the damage.”

    “He beheaded Mehmet Pasha for provoking them,” said David’s brother Joseph.

    “Mehmet Pasha must not have been as rich as Dawud hoped,” said Amam cynically. “He took what Mehmet has but his soldiers still aren’t paid, so he needs someone else to steal from – someone who can’t fight back. And his vizier is a Sabbatean from Aleppo.”

    “But this will ruin us!”

    “It won’t, at least not quite,” Sassoon said. Not all the family’s property was in Baghdad; they had warehouses and factors in Basra and contracts with the British in Bombay. “But what we have here won’t be enough to rebuild, and many others will be cast into poverty.”

    “If they stay,” said Amam.

    “If they stay, yes. If we stay.” Sassoon suddenly remembered the visit he’d had with the husband of the Galilee nagidah, who’d passed through Baghdad on the way home from the war. He’d said something about the ninth of Av then – that in the Galilee, it was a day of mourning as it was everywhere else, but also a day to recall that all disasters passed and that all that was destroyed could be rebuilt. And if the rebuilding couldn’t happen here…

    “We go, then. We, and as many as will come with us.”

    “Where?” asked David. “Bombay?”

    “You will go there, yes. Someone has to take care of our business there, and you will need a marriage portion. And Joseph can settle in Basra. But there are many other merchant families in those cities, and we should not be tied too much to one place – we have learned that today, and like the Rothschilds, we must spread across the world.”

    He laid a map on the rug that the family had brought to the corner of the warehouse to make it more of a home. And he remembered another thing the nagidah’s husband had told him, a verse of a song:

    The Holy Land has homelands three:
    The mountains of the Galilee,
    The cities by the shining sea,
    And Acre, where the faith is free.


    He pointed to Baghdad and Basra and Bombay, and then to another place. “I think I will go here.”
     
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    THE DEBTERA 1839
  • THE DEBTERA
    1839

    Ageze Molla was in the Gondar market when he met the Egyptian trader. He’d gone to the city to buy ingredients for his cures and charms and, not finding what he needed in the smaller markets, made his way to the one in front of the castle where prices were higher but the foreign traders came. There, at the stall of Ahmed Ali the Cairene, he found inks, silver and the tools for working it, and brass screws to repair his sistrum.

    Ahmed Ali, black-turbaned and robed in rich silk, nodded knowingly at Ageze’s purchases – this wasn’t his first time in Gondar, nor was Ageze the first debtera who’d come to his stall. “A debtera, are you?” he said. That wasn’t a question, but his next words were: “Nasrani or Yahud?”

    Ageze knew no Arabic and didn’t recognize “Nasrani,” but “Yahud” was unmistakable. “I am Esra’elawi. A Hebrew of the House of Israel.”

    “Ah,” said Ahmed Ali, smiling. “There are many of you in Cairo. I learned my craft from one of you, who was like a father to me. Are you getting ready for your messiah, like they are?”

    Ageze was silent for a moment, taken aback by the conversation’s sudden turn. “I know nothing of that. The kahens have said nothing of it.”

    “But Cairo is all in a stir. The six hundredth year of the sixth millennium is coming, they say, and with it will come the redemption. Do you believe in that?”

    “I believe there will be a redemption, yes.” Ageze looked around him at the market-stalls, the men in white gabis and women in embroidered habeshas, the armored soldiers going in and out of the castle; there were no portents he could see, but would there be? “I have heard nothing of it happening now.”

    “You’d better get to the Holy Land if it does, no? That’s what the Jews of Cairo are saying. But messiah or not, all this will cost you three Maria Theresas.”

    “So soon after talking of the messiah, you talk of theft? Three birr would buy all these five times over. I’ll give you two rupees and two measures of salt…”

    Twenty minutes later, Ageze had his goods for a Maria Theresa and a pound of salt, and he left unsure of whether he’d got the better of Ahmed Ali or the other way around. He’d almost forgotten the byplay about the messiah, and he might have forgotten it altogether if not for having a dream.

    It was a hot, dry day, and Ageze stopped to rest under a tree outside Fasilides’ baths, halfway along the six-mile walk to Wolleka village. He meant to sit for a few minutes only, but without thinking, he drifted to sleep. He dreamed he was climbing a mountain with a stone on his head as he might do on Sigd, the day of penitence, and that atop the mountain stood a fiery angel. And the angel held aloft a Torah, each Ge’ez letter made of starlight; he took the stone from Ageze’s head, put the Torah in his hands, and lifted him up to the stars themselves…

    He woke, and walked the rest of the way to Wolleka in a daze, still seeing the fiery Torah written in the heavens.

    The synagogue was in a copse of trees just outside the village, a long mud-brick building with fresh thatching. Ageze had put up that thatching. As a debtera – a cantor and itinerant magical healer who hoped one day to be the priest – he had duties at the synagogue as well as in the community. And he had duties there this evening as well. He sang the hymns at the evening service, as a debtera should do. Baruch the kahen – the priest – led the people in the deeper prayers and pleas for intercession, as a kahen should do. And Baruch read from the Torah that was kept in a silver ark behind curtains, and once again Ageze imagined its letters made from starlight.

    “An Egyptian trader said it, and I had a dream,” he told Baruch when the service was done and the synagogue floor had been swept. “Moshiach is coming, and all of us must go to the Holy Land. The Jews of Egypt are preparing, and then an angel came to me.”

    “An angel, or a whiff of kif?”

    “I swear I have smoked nothing…”

    “A dream then – one can dream of anything, without this being a prophecy.” Baruch stood straight and raised his hand to steady his white turban. “Did this Egyptian tell you why the Jews of Cairo believe the messiah will come so soon?”

    “The six hundredth year of the sixth millennium – a mystic writing of theirs…”

    “And we have no such writing, is that not true? Do we care what the false doctrines of foreigners tell us? You should care about completing your studies, or you will never become a kahen.”

    Maybe not, thought Ageze as he went to seek his pallet in one of the round huts next to the synagogue. But he’d seen an angel in a dream.
    _______​

    In those days, there were two routes from the Ethiopian highlands to the Red Sea: the northern route to Massawa and the southern one through Harar to Zeila and Berbera. Traders coming from Gondar most often took the northern route, and that was the route taken by the caravan-master who, in exchange for two of Ageze’s precious Maria Theresa thalers, gave him passage.

    The caravan took the ancient road along the high plains, winding through the savanna and past the jagged peak of Ras Dahen, through Aksum with its tombs and standing stones, into the rebellious Tigray lands of Mereb Melash. Past the village of Asmara, the track descended steeply and the landscape grew steadily more arid, ending in a salt desert where the port of Massawa lay.

    Ageze got his first view of Massawa from above as the caravan came down from a bluff: an island reached by a causeway, full of narrow streets with mosques and filigreed Arabic houses. On the far side, by the sea, the docks were jammed with dhows, and a twelve-gun sambuk with the crescent and three stars of Muhammad Ali anchored in the roads.

    “You’ll see that flag a lot,” said the caravan-master. “The Turks used to rule here, but there was a war and Muhammad Ali won. An Isaaq chief called Warsame seized the city last year, but he dances to Egypt’s tune.” He put his hand on Ageze’s shoulder and faced him closely. “And have a care down there. Muhammad Ali has decreed against the slave trade, but a few coins in Warsame’s pocket and a few more in the sambuk captain’s and they can buy and sell as they please. And if you get on the wrong ship, they’re not above taking your passage money and selling you in Yemen or the Trucial Coast. If you don’t want to become a slave, make sure you can trust your captain.”

    How would he do that, Ageze wondered, but he held his peace the rest of the way into the city and found space in a dockside serai. If the angel truly wanted him to come to the Holy Land, he wouldn’t come to harm.

    He went to the docks the next morning. The first captain he talked to was friendly, but there was something off about the way he negotiated, as if he didn’t really care about his price; Ageze, not wanting to take chances, made his excuses and walked away. “Good job you did,” said a worker at the next dock, “or you’d be halfway to Sharjah by now.” The captain at that dock, said the worker, could be trusted, and he too was cordial – but he wouldn’t go below five Maria Theresas for the passage, and Ageze had only four.

    He thought he might make more money by selling his charms, and he did sell one to an Agaw trader in the souk – a pouch made from the hide of a sacrificed lamb with a Ge’ez inscription inside, which would protect from the evil eye. But the trader warned him from selling any others. “I’ve heard of the Beta Israel,” he said, “and I know your charms are powerful. But if the qadis caught you, they would say it was black magic and punish you. I can tell you’re new here – talk to the wrong person and you’ll be in front of the qadis in a minute.” He pressed three rupees and four Egyptian piasters into Ageze’s hand, and whispered, “go.”

    There were no more sales to be made, then, and it seemed there was no work going at the docks; since Warsame had taken over, his Isaaq clansmen had those jobs sewn up. But passers-by gave him coins when he played the sistrum and lyre at the market entrance – small coins, but in time they would add up. And one of the songs he sang as he played was a Hebrew hymn, and one of the passers-by recognized it.

    The man was short but powerfully built, with the hands of a sailor; he was nearly as dark as Ageze, he wore a dun-colored robe and a black cap, and his sidelocks spilled over his shoulders. He spoke a Hebrew that was difficult for Ageze to follow, but it wasn’t impossible; “I don’t often see Jews here,” he said, “and never from the highlands.”

    Ageze wondered how this man would know he was from the highlands, and then remembered that he was still wearing the clothing he’d had on when he left Wolleka. “There are some of us,” he answered.

    “And what brings you down to the sea?”

    “I’m going to the Holy Land, and I need passage to Aqaba.”

    “Then this is a lucky meeting! I’m Dawud Habshush, captain of the Livyatan, under the flag of Emir Bilal of Nablus, and Aqaba is where I’m going.”

    “What is your cargo?” asked Ageze carefully.

    “Cloth, dye, and…” Dawud trailed off as he realized what Ageze was really asking. “Do I deal in slaves, you mean? My life wouldn’t be worth a grain of salt if I did – the Sanhedrin has decreed the death sentence for any Jew who works in that foul trade.”

    Ageze had never heard of the Sanhedrin, but he assumed it was a governing body of Jews – maybe the priests of the Holy Land. If their liqa kahnet, their high priest, had forbidden the slave trade, other Jews would obey. And Dawud’s words had the ring of truth to them.

    “How much for passage?”

    “To bring a Jew home? Two Maria Theresas, if you help with the work.”

    Ageze knew he ought to haggle, but something in Dawud’s voice told him that the price was the price, and besides, it was half what any other captain had demanded. And who would bargain with an angel, with a dream?
    _______​

    Now came the days on the sea, the days of sun-drenched blue water, enervating heat, salt air so different from the air of the highlands. Ageze spent the first day below, barely able to control his seasickness, but by nightfall he was able to come up on deck and redeem his promise to share in the work.

    The Livyatan was a medium-size dhow, ninety feet from stem to stern, and it carried sundries to all the ports of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, and the coast of Zanj. It was indeed carrying cloth and dyes now, from India by way of Aden’s warehouses, and frankincense and myrrh as ships had been carrying since King Solomon’s time. There were eighteen in the crew, most of them Yemenite or Bahraini Jews; Dawud himself was from a family of coppersmiths in Sana’a which had come to the Holy Land seventy years before. They spoke the Arabic of Hejaz and Yemen with a classical accent and were fluent as well in the traders’ tongue of the Swahili coast, but when night fell, they sang in Hebrew under the starlight.

    At first they put Ageze to work as a general laborer, but on the Friday after they’d left port, he cooked a Sanbat wat, a slow-cooked Sabbath stew of chicken and onions and lemon juice and spices, and when he laid it out at noon on Saturday with a plate of injera, he was named by acclamation as the ship’s cook. And they welcomed his krar – his highland lyre – to accompany their sailors’ songs, and listened when he sang Ge’ez hymns in exchange.

    “What brings you to the Holy Land?” asked Dawud on the seventh night, with three more to go before they made port in Aqaba.

    “You don’t know?” said Ageze, genuinely surprise. “A trader in Gondar told me that Moshiach will soon come – that the call has gone out in Egypt, and all over the world. You are not awaiting him?”

    “Some people are saying that, so I’ve heard. But most of us don’t put much store in it. There have been so many people who’ve claimed to be the messiah, or who’ve said he was about to come... And if I were you, I wouldn’t speak too loudly of that where the Sanhedrin is listening. They take a dim view of people getting stirred up about Moshiach.”

    “Don’t you care if he comes?”

    “He will come someday. And men will still sail on the sea when he comes, so nothing will change for me, no?”

    Ageze had known people who hoped and prayed for the messianic age and others who were skeptical that such an age would ever come to pass, but he’d never met anyone who simply didn’t care. What kind of person would feel that way, he wondered, and then he looked at Dawud’s face and had his answer: someone supremely content with his lot.

    So Dawud might be, but Ageze was not, and he still had a dream driving him onward.

    The Livyatan landed at Aqaba three days later. Thirty years ago, Aqaba had been a fishing village, but the Nabulsi emir wanted a Red Sea port to match the Zaydani ports on the Mediterranean, and a town was growing beyond the piers. It was still a rough affair of warehouses, sailors’ inns fragrant with coffee and kif, and huts for the Bedouins who’d come seeking work, but the Nabulsis had built a fine mosque by the caravan-market and, pointedly, a custom-house next to it.

    Ageze had nothing to declare, and it took barely an hour to exchange a Maria Theresa for a place on a northbound caravan. In six more days he was at Bir as-Saba, another immemorial village that the Nabulsi emir was building into a way station, trading post and military garrison. The village was surrounded by ruins, and guides crowded the caravan offering to take the travelers to see Abraham’s well and the ancient city gate, but the caravan-master pointed to a small building next to the barracks and said “you go there first.”

    “Why there?”

    “The Sanhedrin. They want to see all the Jews coming north.”

    Ageze was bemused, but he obeyed; maybe he would see one of the Holy Land’s priests at last. But the man who sat at a table inside the building, surrounded by shelves of records, was not a priest but a clerk. After a moment’s thought, it made sense that the priests themselves wouldn’t come to such a remote outpost; that still left the question of why the outpost existed at all, but Ageze was not to remain long in ignorance.

    “This is the southernmost point of the Land of Israel,” said the clerk after he’d taken Ageze’s name, “so it is the checkpoint for Jewish travelers, because north of here, you will be under the judicial authority of the Sanhedrin. Are you coming as a pilgrim, a merchant, or to stay?”

    Ageze began to say that he’d come to await the messiah, but then he remembered Dawud’s warning. “I’ve come to see Jerusalem,” he said.

    “There are others of your kind in Jerusalem,” said the clerk, “and their synagogue is by the Fountain Gate.” Others of my kind? Ageze wondered. Other Beta Israel? He’d never heard of such a thing, and Dawud surely would have told him, but before he could ask further, the clerk began to go down a list, asking if he had certain books, forbidden foods, pornography, and other items that he presumed to be contraband. The clerk didn’t ask if he had amulets or charms, and he kept them in his pack.

    “I have a sistrum and a lyre,” he said.

    The clerk smiled. “Those will be welcome. Are you a Sabbatean?”

    “I don’t know what that is.”

    “You are fortunate. Do you have any questions of me? No? Then you are free to go.”

    To Jerusalem.
    _______​

    Ageze couldn’t help being awed by the sight of Jerusalem. All his life, he had heard of this city in prayers and read of it in scriptures, and now here he was; he had touched the Wailing Wall, set foot in the pools of Siloam, climbed the Mount of Olives where Israelite prophets and kings were buried. In a place of such holiness, who could doubt that the time of Moshiach was at hand?

    But he also learned two things.

    On his second day in Jerusalem – the fifth day of Adar in the year 5599 – he visited the synagogue by the Fountain Gate where the Sanhedrin’s clerk had told hm he’d find others of his kind, and they weren’t his kind at all. They were black, as he was, and their faces told him that they might possibly share a distant ancestor, but their families had come to this place from Sudan, not Ethiopia, and they didn’t worship as the Beta Israel did. They had rabbis, not kahens or debtera. They knew no Ge’ez, their scriptures were missing some of the books Ageze had learned, and they had other scriptures which they called the Talmud and Zohar. They were Jews like Dawud and his men, and when he asked if there were any in the city like him, they knew of none.

    “Moshiach?” one of them said when he made bold to broach the subject. “Some people say he is coming, yes – in Egypt, in Turkey, even in Poland. But we have seen no signs.”

    “It is almost the New Year – it will be Nisan soon. Surely there would have been signs by now?”

    “The first of Nisan is the new year for festivals, but the first of Tishri is the new year for years. If Moshiach comes, he will come then.”

    Ageze would have to wait six months longer to see his angel. Even the years here were different.

    That was the first thing he learned.

    The second thing took only a short while longer. Ageze made a few more discreet inquiries while stretching his last Maria Theresa as far as he could; he learned something of the Sanhedrin’s debates, and that not all of them had favored suppressing the messianic prophecies. One of the dissenters, Avraham Ashkenazi, had a synagogue at the edge of the Armenian quarter, and Ageze went to him hoping for an affirmation, or at least a sign to watch for. He expected that he might be turned away; he didn’t expect to be told he would have to wait another hundred years.

    “This coming year is only the beginning,” said Ashkenazi. He took a codex from one of the many bookshelves in his workroom, found the passage he wanted, and began to read. “In the six hundredth year of the sixth millennium the upper gates of wisdom will be opened and all the wellsprings of wisdom below, and this will prepare the world for the seventh millennium like a person prepares himself on Friday for Shabbat, as the sun begins to wane…”

    He closed the book and leaned over the desk. “You might think from this that Moshiach will come only in four hundred years, but Yehuda Alkalai has shown us, through other writings, that it will only be one hundred. The gathering of all the exiles must begin soon and much will be learned, but your life and mine will pass before Moshiach comes and closes the gates.”

    Later, Ageze met others who thought that the arrival was more imminent – there was disagreement in that, it seemed, as in everything else in this land. But the angel on the mountain seemed further away than ever, and in the meantime, he had to eat.

    Ageze had left Wolleka without really thinking about how he’d make a living in the Holy Land; he’d assumed that Moshiach would arrive soon enough to render the matter moot, or at least that he could be a cantor and magical healer to the Jews of Jerusalem as he’d been in Ethiopia. But no one wanted a cantor who could pray in Ge’ez but couldn’t read Hebrew, and they sacrificed no lambs here so he had no hides to make his amulets. He could work silver after a fashion, but that wouldn’t feed him in a city where there were dozens of true silversmiths, and every synagogue seemed already to have a man of all trades.

    And so the first of Nisan was a new year for him after all: it was the day he left Jerusalem for a city that was less holy but where there was work, and where he could wait for Moshiach as long as he had to. A city by a mountain.
    _______​

    Nablus, they said, had been hit hard in the earthquake two years past. By now, Ageze could see little evidence of it. The rebuilding had gone quickly and little of the damage was left – and besides, Nabulsi construction for the past forty years had followed the same code the Sanhedrin used, with framed walls and concrete piers and reinforced corners. What might once have left the city prostrate was now a story shared in the coffeehouses.

    There was still plenty of work to do. The new neighborhoods outside the walls were expanding, workshops were growing into factories, and even a man whose skills were made for another place had no trouble earning his bread as a laborer. Ageze would never get rich, but while he waited out the months until Tishri, it would be enough.

    “Go to Mayer,” they’d told him in Jerusalem. “He’s Rothschild’s man – he finds jobs for all the Jews who are new in Nablus.” And Mayer, very nearly rich as a Rothschild himself by now, had indeed found a job for him on a builder’s crew. But he’d declined Mayer’s offer to introduce him at the synagogue and find him a room with one of the congregation. He knew he would find little in common with the people who worshiped there – “we have all kinds,” Mayer had said, but they wouldn’t have his kind.

    He found lodging instead on the Shari al-Abeed. Despite the name, the people who lived on the street were no longer slaves, and there were fine houses at either end for those who’d grown rich as builders or army officers or caravaneers. But nearly everyone had ancestors who’d come on the slave ships from Zanj or the caravans from Kush – some had come that way themselves in childhood – and Ageze could be anonymous there.

    Or maybe not. Unlike the Sudanese of Jerusalem – and, so Ageze was told, the Galilee – the citizens of the Shari al-Abeed were Muslim; one of them, Abdullah Fadel, was a mufti of great learning and greater curiosity. He invited himself to Sanbat wat and listened to Ageze’s stories as the Jews of Jerusalem had not, as no one since Dawud Habshush had.

    “There are Jews in Ethiopia!” he said. “And why shouldn’t there be? Where there are Muslims and Christians, so there are also Jews. But you aren’t like other Jews. Cut off too long, alone too long – you’re like the Samaritans, in a way.”

    Cut off too long, alone too long – that sounded far too much like Ageze’s own condition. But he was intrigued enough to go to the Samaritans’ Seder, and to go with them seven days later when they climbed Mount Gerizim to sacrifice a lamb. The kohen gadol – the Samaritan high priest – in his robe and turban reminded Ageze of a kahen, and the ritual of climbing the mountain brought back aching memories of doing the same at Sigd. But atop Mount Gerizim there was no angel.

    The weeks passed. Ageze worked in the day, shared coffee and stories with Abdullah in the evening, and spent the Sabbath with the Samaritans at their synagogue in the old city. He joined the Jews for their footraces and wrestling matches and ball games at Lag b’Omer and watched the Samaritans ascend Mount Gerizim again at Shavuot, although this time he didn’t go with them. Tammuz came, and full summer with it. And he realized that he wouldn’t last here until Tishri.

    “It’s still not home?” asked Abdullah one night late in Tamuz as they sat on the roof of Ageze’s tenement.

    “Maybe when Moshiach comes.” Ageze shook his head. “Or maybe… The captain who brought me here told me once that whether the messiah came or not, he’d still sail the sea. Wolleka wasn’t that place for me. Nor is this.”

    “In Acre, they hold that all languages are holy,” Abdullah answered, and Ageze sensed that he wasn’t really changing the subject. “They might be interested in your Ge’ez, no? And in the nagidah’s lands, they don’t submit so meekly to the Sanhedrin, and in Acre not at all – if you reach Acre, you will have crossed the Land of Israel and come out the other side.”

    “But close enough to return if Moshiach comes after all?”

    Ageze stayed in Nablus another week, thinking that every day might be his last there, and finally woke to the one that was. He thought he might stay a while in Tzfat and then find his way to Acre. But he only got as far as Beit Mina.
    _______​

    Beit Mina was a fishing village on the west shore of the Sea of Galilee, near the place where the Tzfat road branched off into the hills. It had a hundred forty people, and nearly a third of them belonged to one family. The patriarch was a Frenchman of sixty-eight named Lucien, burned dark as a Yemeni by forty years on the boats; his hair was sparse and white but his sidelocks were still long. His wife Salma was purest Sudanese and had borne him eight children, of whom six lived. Three of them had married into Sudanese families, one had married a Yemenite, one a Baghdadi and one a Spaniard, and a rainbow of twenty-nine grandchildren was everywhere.

    Ageze reached the village at nightfall and, for a piaster, spent the night in one of the children’s houses – he would never remember which one, although in time he’d come to know all of them as well as if they were brothers and sisters. In the morning, Lucien told him that Ephraim, the village’s man of all work, was getting on in years and could use an assistant, and would he care to take the job for a lira a month and found?

    Ageze gathered that Lucien had asked that question to every traveler who’d passed through the village since Ephraim started to falter, but he was the one who said yes. He had time.

    For the rest of the day, he accompanied Ephraim on his rounds – tending the goats and chickens, collecting eggs, clearing the pathways, doing minor repairs. Ephraim was close to eighty, of uncertain Portuguese and Moroccan ancestry, and he talked enough for two. By nightfall Ageze knew everything about the village and the news from Tzfat and Acre. “The serais are full of people who think Moshiach will come – can you believe it?” Ephraim laughed at them, but there was no malice in his laughter, and Ageze discovered that he didn’t mind.

    Later, when the boats returned and Lucien’s family fed him at their table, he learned that they, too, liked to talk. They told him about the war, about how they’d fled the Turkish armies invading the Galilee and how that meant they hadn’t been in the village when the earthquake hit and the standing wave washed over the shore. Some had taken shelter in Tzfat, where the nagidah had stood on the wall to command the defense; three of them had gone to fight, and a great battle had taken place the very day of the quake.

    “We’d been fighting the Turks all day, and suddenly the earth fell from under us!” said Gideon, the oldest of Lucien and Salma’s sons. “The Turks were in a panic, but we stood – we stood – and then the emir, who’d stayed on his horse somehow, shook his saber above his head and said ‘Allah akbar! God fights for us!’ And the Turks ran like lions were chasing them, and they didn’t stop until we took Damascus.”

    Ageze went to sleep with confused dreams of a queen holding a sword above a city wall. In the morning he returned to work. He and Ephraim helped the women in the kitchen garden; some men might have complained of doing women’s work, but Ephraim didn’t so neither did he. There was other work in the afternoon and the next day, and the evening after that was Shabbat.

    That, too, was at Lucien and Salma’s table. The family dined together – they praised the Sanbat wat that was Ageze’s contribution – and after Salma lit candles, they prayed. The prayers were again different from those Ageze knew, but somehow it wasn’t as it had been in Jerusalem; there was no rabbi here laying down the law, just a family following the customs they’d made for themselves over three generations. When Ageze sang a hymn in Ge’ez, they made no objection; Lucien himself followed with a prayer in French, like the soldier of Napoleon that he’d been before he was taken prisoner at Mount Tabor and his life changed forever.

    Later, the family passed the book of prayers around the table and Ageze again had to confess that he couldn’t read Hebrew. “Then we’ll have to teach you,” said Miriam, at nineteen the oldest of the grandchildren. Ageze was twenty-two.

    Av passed that way, and Elul, and it came almost as a surprise to Ageze when Tishri began and with it the year 5600. The family marked the occasion with apples and honey, a custom borrowed from the Ashkenazim, and Lucien blew a ram’s horn, which was something the Beta Israel also did. Ageze looked up to the sky that night to see if anything had changed, but there were no signs, no portents. Nor, though he asked passers-by and fishermen returning from the markets, was there any news of such signs elsewhere.

    Yom Kippur was nine days later, also a holiday that the Beta Israel shared. Was it a sin to hope for the messiah, to dream of an angel? Or was Ahmed Ali the Cairene, who’d given him the false prophecy, the one who’d sinned? He forgave Ahmed Ali, if so.

    Then it was Sukkot, and Ageze joined the villagers in gathering wood and branches. He expected to build the sukkah behind the houses, but Lucien led everyone to the boats – “we harvest fish!” he said – and that evening, they celebrated on the calm waters.

    It became Heshvan. The days grew shorter. The work continued. By Kislev, Miriam had taught him to read and write the Hebrew alphabet. Sometimes he took a stick and wrote in the earth, making the letters for words he knew in Ge’ez. He made the letters for Sigd. It was a holiday unknown here, but one that could be written.

    “It will be Sigd on the twenty-ninth,” he told Lucien one night. “At home, we would climb a mountain and pray for forgiveness.”

    “Tzfat is on a mountain.”

    “People climb that mountain every day, for work, for trade.”

    Lucien leaned back in his chair and thought for a moment. “Mount Tabor, then? Holy things have happened there. And it’s a place where we defended our homeland.” He spoke without irony even though he’d fought for the other side; he’d chosen the Jews as his people since then, and after forty years he scarcely remembered that he’d ever had any other allegiance.

    “How far is it?”

    “Twenty miles. It took a day once, but the roads are good now. A horse or cart will get you there in a morning.”

    “Then I’ll find a cart somewhere…”

    “We will take you.”

    “Why? It’s not your holiday. It isn’t your custom.”

    “One of the great rabbis of the Sanhedrin…”

    “Which one?”

    “What do I know of one rabbi from another? I’m not a scholar. And does it matter who said it, as long as it was said? But he said that while each of us should follow our own custom, we must also help our neighbors follow theirs. So if there’s no one else to come with you, we will.”

    In the end, it was ten of the family that came, dressed in white clothing with fringes of many colors, because that was all that would fit in the donkey-cart. And despite Lucien’s optimism, it was afternoon before they reached the foot of the mountain. But it was an imposing mountain, a prominent one rising high above the surrounding countryside, and it looked enough like the hills around Wolleka that for a moment Ageze could imagine that he was there.

    He looked down and found a flat stone, which he put on his head as a sign of penance. “You don’t need to do this,” he said. Lucien and Miriam did; the others did not. Then they climbed.

    The summit was fifteen hundred feet above the base, and the sun was low by the time they got there. It wouldn’t be the twenty-ninth of Kislev for very much longer. Ageze walked through the ruins of churches and an old fortress until he found a place still undisturbed.

    “O God, have mercy on us,” he said – in Hebrew, not Ge’ez, though he didn’t realize it. “Elohe, Elohe, gracious God, forgive us.” He said that over and over, prostrated himself in prayer, and when he stood again, sang a Ge’ez hymn that he’d learned as a child. Lucien sang it with him; he’d recited it enough times at the family table that they knew it.

    Ageze wasn’t sure how to end the prayers; he was a debtera, not a kahen, and it had never been his place to lead such things. The setting sun ended the service for him. One moment he was praying, the next he was simply there, standing in silence and watching the first stars come out.

    There was no angel, no messiah. But somewhere in those stars, all was written.
    _______​

    Of all the thousands and thousands who would climb Mount Tabor to mark the day of Sigd, Ageze Molla was the first. He didn’t know this yet on the thirtieth of Kislev in the 5600th year of the creation of the world, but he would live long enough to hear it said.
     
    THE CONSUL JANUARY 1840
  • THE CONSUL
    JANUARY 1840

    The voyage from Bordeaux to New York would have been more pleasant had Achille David Seligmann been able to make it in the spring, but the ship was well-found and the winds were favorable, so it wasn’t past enduring. And when the voyage passed, as all things eventually do, he was welcomed to America by a clear, mild winter morning.

    It had only been nine years since he’d last seen New York, but the city seemed to have doubled in size. Buildings were going up everywhere, and the noise of the arguments between the construction crews and passing carters almost drowned out the Hudson steamboats’ whistles; the cart and carriage traffic was twice as crushing, the conversations seemed to be in several more languages, and the streets rumbled with the passing of the New York and Harlem locomotives. The landscape before Achille was one where even a Parisian might fear to tread.

    His courage wouldn’t be needed today, though, because that wasn’t where he was going.

    “Port Richmond, sir?” said a boy of eleven or twelve in response to Achille’s question. “Right this way, sir.” He led Achille through the maze of docks and warehouses to the smaller piers where the ferries waited. “That one,” he said, pointing to a wallowing tub of a barge that was already filling up with men in workman’s clothes.

    Achille, who’d changed ten francs with the ship’s purser before landing, tipped the boy a dime and hurried to buy a ticket. The ferry cast off a few minutes later. The air became breezy as the boat cleared the Battery and entered New York Harbor, and most of the passengers went below; a few remained on deck, talking about the horse races and spitting tobacco juice over the rail, and Achille joined them to watch the coastline pass.

    The harbor gave way to the Kill van Kull, the narrow strait separating Staten Island from New Jersey, and finally to Port Richmond, a town that Achille had come to know well in his last sojourn in the United States. The harbor spread out before him with its warehouses and cranes; beyond were hotels, lumberyards, dye-works, the oyster-barons’ mansions, and most important of all, the Westfield coach.

    Whatever god of transportation was overseeing Achille’s luck that morning was still with him; the noon coach was drawn up outside the hotel. Its route led through a saddle between two hills and then down to the Amboy Road, which ran south through a low-lying country of woods, streams and small farms. At two o’clock, the winter shadows just beginning to lengthen, the land rose again, and there, at a small settlement by the bay, was Achille’s destination.

    The village was dominated by an inn built in the French provincial style; the sign at its entrance read “Le Marais” and bore an image of the Sainte-Avoye synagogue. Next to it was the Boulangerie Cohen, the shop of Moïse the saddler where Achille had worked when he first came to America, the wooden stall where Jacob Lévy sold his orchard’s produce, the office of Lazar Bloch, Avocat. Achille stood in front of the inn and turned fully around, taking in stores and workshops and houses, and for a moment was again at home.

    That was where Salomon the innkeeper found him.

    “Achille!” Salomon cried, enfolding him in a bear hug. “It’s really you! I thought I’d seen a ghost! What brings you back to the United States?”

    “You didn’t know? Louis Philippe has appointed me consul to Philadelphia – wasn’t it in all the newspapers?”

    Both men laughed; the appointment of a provincial consul might merit two lines on a back page of the Moniteur, or then again it might not. “Come inside. You must get some rest, stay for supper – the Chambre introuvable is meeting tonight, and they’ll all be glad to see you.”

    Achille obeyed, following Salomon to an upstairs bedroom where he put down his bags. He thought of taking a nap, but went down to the salon instead. It was past the lunch hour but the air was still fragrant with pipe smoke and the tables were littered with newspapers: the Herald and the Mirror, month-old Paris dailies, the Shaliach from Acre, the Modern Israelite. Achille picked up a copy of the last; he’d learned much of his English from the Modern Israelite, and even contributed a poem to it once. It had been a bad one, but seeing it in print along with the news and stories and essays had made him feel like an American Jew for a moment rather than an exile.

    Salomon found him there again a bit past four. “They should start getting here soon,” he said. “And you – you’re going to Philadelphia by yourself? Still no wife?”

    “I’m a confirmed bachelor,” Achille answered. That wasn’t entirely true; at eighteen, he’d exchanged vows with a man of the same age named François, only for François’s family to marry him off six months later. Since then, he’d learned to be more circumspect. But it was true enough for most purposes, and he was spared any further explanation by the first of the Chambre arriving.

    Bloch, Cohen, Lévy, Todros – all the people whose names were on the buildings outside, all the exiles of the Restoration. They called themselves the Chambre Introuvable, the Jews who’d been as implacable as the ultra-royalists – the rabbis who’d been sentenced to exile during the White Terror because they’d refused to endorse the École nationale rabbinique’s ruling on monarchy; the civil servants and army officers who’d supported Bonaparte during the Hundred Days; the liberals who’d defended them in public. They’d found their way here as the Huguenots had – two peoples who France had no use for, making a new France on the bay, writing their poetry and political tracts for the Modern Israelite and the Franco-American journals, finding new trades in which to prosper…

    Achille himself had been too young for that; he’d been only fifteen during the year of the White Terror. But he’d come from a liberal family, and things had become worse again when Villèle’s ultras returned to power in 1821 and still more so after Charles X became king. That was when…

    “Achille!” said Daniel Cohen, entering the room – a different Cohen, a Daniel who Achille had come to know in the midst of the lion’s den. It had been 1825, Daniel was the lay president of the Bordeaux Consistory and an ardent republican, and he’d held meetings that he could no longer be charged with sedition for now that the White Terror was over – so the public prosecutor, supported by the bishop, had indicted him under the new Anti-Sacrilege Act and charged him with desecrating the host.

    It had been generations since the last time a Jew had been charged with host desecration – in 1761, at Nancy – and centuries since the libel had been common, but Daniel’s association with anti-clerical radicals made the accusation plausible, and in a deeply divided country the charge had been explosive. There were riots, not only in Bordeaux but in Paris and throughout Alsace and Lorraine; shops and homes were burned and people died. King Charles, to his credit, had sent in the army to suppress them, but there were many in his court and among the bishops who viewed the incident as an object lesson.

    Achille, then, had been twenty-four, new to the bar, and willing to fight; he’d joined another young lion, Étienne Garnier-Pagès, as advocate for the defense. The trial took place in the courthouse of the College of Guienne, under heavy guard; the judges had ultimately been forced to acquit for lack of evidence, but it had been made clear both to Daniel and Achille that if they valued their safety, they’d best move elsewhere.

    And so both of them had come here to the Chambre, Achille had earned his bread sweeping up at Moïse’s saddlery while he learned English, and they’d led the Jewish squad in football games against the Huguenots…

    “When you left with Rottembourg and the others, we thought we’d seen the last of you,” Daniel said. And Achille had thought so too. The July Revolution and the amnesty of 1831 had been a godsend for him, a chance to return to his homeland and resume the practice of law. Some others had felt the same; General Rottembourg, though an American citizen and mayor of Westfield by then, was too much of a French patriot to resist the offer of pardon and reinstatement in his rank. He and Achille had returned on the same ship and sat together as lay members of the Third Paris Sanhedrin that had affirmed the consistories’ freedom of conscience; Rottembourg had taken command of the garrison at Dijon, Achille had reopened his chambers at Bordeaux, and America had gradually come to seem like a dream.

    The arrival of the food interrupted these memories. Salomon was a fine cook and served up roast goose and greens, with fresh bread from Cohen the baker’s oven. The wine was from the Galilee – the French consistories had just begun to produce kosher wine for export, and of the wine that could be made from New York grapes, the less said the better – but the calvados was local, from Jacob Lévy’s farm, and potent enough that even the Huguenots swore by it.

    The dinner continued well into the night; Achille related the news of other friends who’d returned to France, and the conversation ranged across continents and centuries. It was the conversation he’d grown used to in the Chambre Introuvable, the Jews whose souls no king could obtain, and he realized how much he’d missed it. He promised to visit again once he was situated in Philadelphia, a promise he intended to keep, and as the long day ended, he wondered what awaited him there.
    _______​

    There was a railroad now from South Amboy to Camden. No railroads had yet been built in Bordeaux, and though Achille had of course heard of them, he still thought of travel in terms of a stagecoach’s speed. To leave South Amboy at dawn and to arrive at Camden when it was still morning and be at the Philadelphia ferry landing by noon… that was something new in the world. America was vastness, but it was being tamed.

    As luck would have it, Achille’s seatmate on the Camden and Amboy Railroad benches, Max Gutheim, was also a Jew – born in Munich, he said, and living in America since the riots of 1819. He’d lived in New York for a while but had lately moved to Cincinnati where he dealt in wool, and was returning there from a successful trading journey to Bremen.

    “You’re going to Philadelphia?” said Gutheim. “It’s a good city – everyone likes the Jews there except the Jews. And you won’t be one of their Jews, so even the Jews will like you.”

    “We’ll see,” Achille answered, doing his best to be noncommittal.

    They parted ways at the landing at the foot of Market Street, and Achille stopped a moment to get his bearings. Philadelphia was a city on a more human scale than New York – around the same size as Bordeaux, the size a city should be. It was bustling, but not chaotic; the streets were well-planned and well-kept. The people, at least in this part of the city, seemed prosperous; the men wore austere black suits and the women were dressed in the Paris fashions from two or three years ago.

    It was the women’s dresses – the full sleeves, the frills below the shoulder, the hats – that gave Achille a strange sensation of having traveled back in time. The sensation wasn’t a bad one; 1837 had been a good year for him. He’d been elected a deputy as one of Garnier-Pagès’ republicans; they hadn’t had the numbers to do much more than needle the king, but they’d had a grand time doing that. Much better than ’39, certainly, when he’d lost re-election and his law practice had been slow to recover. The sleeves had been much narrower that year.

    He took a room at the United States Hotel a few blocks from the landing, and went to present his credentials at the office of the mayor and city recorder – he wasn’t sure if that was what a consul ought to do, but someone needed to know he was here. The recorder’s clerks were welcoming, if curious; so, too, was the beadle at Mikveh Israel on Cherry Street. And when he returned to the hotel, a card had been left for him with a Spruce Street address requesting that he call at his convenience upon Rebecca Ingersoll.

    New to Philadelphia as Achille was, he knew that such an invitation could not be ignored. There was little in either Philadelphia or the American Jewish world that Rebecca Ingersoll didn’t touch; she was a member of all the civic clubs and charities, the publisher of the Modern Israelite, the founder of half a dozen Jewish foundling homes and schools, and a poet and essayist in her own right. She was also, as Achille saw upon being admitted into her drawing-room, as beautiful nearing sixty as she’d been at twenty when she was Rebecca Gratz. She’d been famous for that even in England and France, and that had made Charles Ingersoll’s conversion to Judaism to obtain her hand in marriage only a passing scandal – as a London cartoonist had put it, he wouldn’t blame a man for kneeling to Satan if that was what she required of him.

    “I thought I’d welcome you to the city,” she said. “We’ve written to your king many times to ask him to appoint a consul here – there is so much that Philadelphia and France share already, and so much more that could be heard. And I can also welcome you to the diplomatic corps – I’m a consul myself, by appointment of Her Grace the Nagidah of the Galilee.”

    “Her Grace? Is that what she calls herself now?”

    “Not in the Holy Land, of course. But when she corresponds with other countries, she needs a title, doesn’t she?”

    That sounded like the nagidah; she was a subtle one, by all accounts, and choosing a title that carried no pretensions of monarchy but made her equal to or greater than anyone but a monarch was in character. Rebecca was rumored to be subtle too, and when she’d gone to the Holy Land six years past, she and the nagidah must have found things to talk about.

    He wondered that even the nagidah would have appointed a woman consul, but then realized what diplomacy a Galilean consul in the United States would need to do, and he understood. Most of the Galilee’s trade with the United States was with its Jews, and most Galilean travelers in America and vice versa were Jewish, so who better to maintain those relations than the woman who was everything in Jewish publishing and education? What the nagidah wanted was a diplomacy of persuasion, of stories, of mutual learning, and Rebecca could provide that not only in America but elsewhere.

    It struck Achille that Rebecca might not be a bad model for his own schooling as a diplomat.

    “I’ll have to organize a reception in your honor,” she said. “This is Society Hill, you’re due some society. And Charles and I will take you around the clubs. If you’re interested in music, we have a fine symphony here, and the lectures at the Franklin institute are always well-attended. We adore Franklin here – another thing we have in common with you, no?”

    He nodded, and let the conversation carry him; before long, he’d promised to write an article for the Modern Israelite about the possibilities for Jews in France and to bring her a sample of Staten Island kosher calvados that she could ship to Tzfat. “We’ll have to get our rabbi to approve it, of course – you’ll give him a letter of introduction?”

    It was an exhausting evening, much as the previous one with the Chambre had been, and by the end of it, he felt simultaneously at the center of everything and the edge of everything. Maybe that was how a diplomat was supposed to feel, or a Jew, or an expatriate.
    _______
    He rented a house on Mulberry Street that was suitable for a consul but modest enough for his stipend. He put together a list of French citizens in Philadelphia and another list of people he might call upon if any of them got in trouble – the Ingersolls helped with the latter, as did Lazar Bloch, who visited from Staten Island. He was a guest at parties and attended concerts and lectures. He made the rounds of the civic clubs and chambers of commerce to speak of the bounties of France, and the wine importers and cheesemongers gave him some orders to send on the next ship. Rebecca persuaded him to volunteer at the Hebrew Foundling Home and to teach a civics class at the Sunday school.

    It was a whirl for a week or two, maybe for three. He learned his way around the city, its rich and poor quarters, its high and low society. He learned where the Turkish baths were, though he held off going to them; he wasn’t as confident in his ability to enter that world discreetly here as he was in Bordeaux or New York. He almost asked Rebecca in an unguarded moment – something told him that she’d know, and that she wouldn’t be unsympathetic – but he didn’t dare risk it. All in time.

    And by the third week, he had time. Once the initial whirl was over, his duties took less and less of his day; he had the time to explore, to be a fixture at the literary and civic societies, to think. And what he began to think was that he’d been exiled again.

    “That’s usually what a consulship in a faraway place is, yes,” said Daniel Cohen, who was the next to take the Camden and Amboy and visit him. “And the time to do it was after you lost your immunity as a deputy. The only wonder is that they took eight months to make the offer.”

    “They needed to find someone to bring it to me.” The person who’d offered the appointment to Achille had been a Foreign Ministry clerk, true enough, but he’d also been the brother of a man who Achille had made assignations with in the Turkish baths. He would never know which of them had been indiscreet, but the message had carried. And now he was exiled again – a gentleman’s exile this time, but he had no doubt that his two-year appointment would be renewed for as long as Louis Philippe was king.

    “I need to find something to do,” he told Rebecca a few days later.

    “That’s a dangerous question to ask me,” Rebecca answered – she always had jobs she needed someone to do, and she was never shy about assigning them. “But I’ll take it in the spirit it’s offered. Is there a recommendation I can make for you?”

    “When I was here the first time, I thought of reading law – once I had the English for it, qualifying for the bar here. Lazar Bloch said I could read with him, but then the amnesty happened…”

    “There are half a dozen lawyers I know here who would take you on…”

    “And I’m grateful, but I think I might go learn with him. Staten Island is close enough that I can come and go when I’m needed, and the Chambre is the closest thing to a home I have now. What I need is a clerk to help with my duties when I’m there…”

    “My youngest daughter can keep an office in order, and her French is excellent.”

    Another woman diplomat? That ran in Rebecca’s family, it seemed. And who was really to say what was proper for a woman – or for a man?

    “Done,” he said. He reached out his hand to Rebecca’s and shook it as he would a man’s. “I’ll show her the system tomorrow, and then I’ll go to visit Lazar.”

    “Do it. And for when you come back…” She reached into her reticule – a gift from Paris – and handed him another card.

    He was back at his house before he looked at the card – it was blank, not one of Rebecca’s regular visiting cards, and an address and a name were written on it in her hand. He knew what address that was. He didn’t know where she’d learned the name. But he was sure she would never say a word.

    At the edge of everything and at the center of everything. And if he didn't miss his guess, he had years ahead of him to travel from one to the other and back again.
     
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    THOSE WHO HUNGER MARCH 1840
  • THOSE WHO HUNGER
    MARCH 1840

    “There are too many Jews here,” said Pesakh Kaia, taking a deep pull on his pipe.

    “It is true,” said Chaim Bakshi. He spoke the tongue of the Crimean Tatars, as all the yakhudiler did when they spoke among themselves. “This is a good land. It is a prosperous land. But there are too many Jews here.”

    Pesakh leaned back against the cushions scattered across the floor of the tent and nodded. It was a pretty dilemma, was it not? The yakhudiler had come to a land with no Tsar and no Khan, where no one would tell them they weren’t allowed to farm or take their sons off to the army to make Christians of them. They were in a land where the people who came to them to have shoes mended or tinsmithing done placed their orders in Hebrew – even the Muslims and the Christians here could speak Hebrew when they needed it. And the meadow where they were camped, five miles west of Tzfat, was verdant and well-watered, a far cry from famine-stricken Crimea. But there were too many Jews.

    “A hundred of them,” he said, “for every one of us. Even more than the mitnagdim.”

    “Far more.”

    Neither Pesakh nor Chaim wished any harm on the mitnagdim; they were fellow Israelites, and they were fleeing troubles of their own in Poland and Lithuania. Those who’d gone to Kishinev or Odessa had Pesakh’s prayers and blessing. But they’d come to the Crimea too, and there were already more of them in Sevastopol and Simferopol than there were yakhudiler in Karasubazar. And too many of them had looked upon the yakhudiler as blank slates on which to copy themselves.

    As with the mitnagdim, so too with ha-Yishuv ha-Ivri. They were more subtle about it, to be sure; they’d made the yakhudiler welcome, brought food and medicines to their encampment, and never uttered a word of disdain. But though the men from the Or Tamid had given them nothing but praise, Pesakh could tell they were taking account. They would learn that most of the yakhudiler couldn’t read and would build schools; they would learn that the yakhudiler had no hahamim and invite them to accept one for their synagogue; they would bring Rabbi Moshe ben Yaakov’s eighteen principles of faith back to their academy and decide if they passed muster. They, too, would want to make the yakhudiler as they were.

    They would never do so by force; they had promised that. The rabbis from the Or Tamid had explained the Sanhedrin’s jurisprudence on custom and made clear that they could only ban practices which were altogether contrary to the Law. But Pesakh had made a count of the yakhudiler that had made the journey to this land; there were eleven hundred forty-nine. The Jews of the Galilee numbered a hundred twenty thousand. It would take no force to make them as a drop of ink in a bucket of water. Especially since…

    “I spoke with the nagidah’s men in Tzfat this morning,” said Chaim, “and they showed me their maps. There is no unclaimed land large enough for all of us to settle. They can settle a hundred of us here, a hundred there; some farmland in this village, some more in that one. They can keep us close – all the villages will be in the north. But not in the same place.”

    “I didn’t expect they would. But I had hoped…”

    “No.”

    That was as final a word as any Pesakh could imagine, and it would be the end. Even if the villages were only a few miles apart, the yakhudiler would never again gather in one synagogue on the Sabbath. Only in the city might they do that, and they had never lived in cities.

    “We could make the best of it,” Chaim said. “This is not a bad land, in spite of it all.”

    “Or we could find another place.”

    “There is no other place.”

    “No,” said Pexakh as the last ember in his pipe burned out. “In the Galilee, there is not.”
    _______
    Pinchas, the nagidah’s man – the chief clerk in the office of land records – came to ma’ariv that night at the tent the yakhudiler used for a synagogue. They prayed kneeling on carpets as they’d done at home, and so did he; no one led and no one followed, so he prayed in his way as they did in theirs. After, he took the place to the side of the Torah with his maps and books, and the meeting was of a different kind.

    “Tell me about the land you had in the Crimea,” he said. “The crops you grew.”

    “The old Tsar gave it to us,” Pinchas answered. “Alexander, may his memory be blessed. He decreed that we were different from the other Jews and that we could farm, and he gave us land outside Karasubzar, where we’d lived before.” He’d told this part of the story to others that the nagidah and the Or Tamid had sent, but never to Pinchas. “We kept chickens and sheep, but we’d always done that. We learned to grow barley and buckwheat; we raised onions and beets and cucumbers and wine-grapes. We prospered. And then Nicholas, curse him, cast us forth with hardly a day to prepare. We went back to the trades we’d known, but then the famine…”

    Pinchas nodded; everyone knew of the famine that had ravaged all the Crimea and slain one in eight of the yakhudiler. There were laments of the famine already in the books of stories and proverbs that every family had, the books that were carefully tended over the centuries and added to each generation in the Tatar language but in Hebrew hand. Pesakh had written one such lament himself, scribed on the stormy voyage from Sevastopol.

    Maybe it was the famine, on top of the loss of their land and the pressure of Russians and mitnagdim both, that had convinced so many of the yakhudiler that Rabbi Alkalai was right and the hundred years that would herald Moshiach were at hand. There were songs of Moshiach too in some of the family journals; Pesakh had scribed one for a family that lacked their letters. But no messiah had been needed to persuade them to leave a starving land.

    With an effort, Pesakh wrenched his mind away from memory and back to what the clerk Pinchas was saying. He was showing the yakhudiler plots of land marked on the map, presumably plots that would be suitable for the crops they knew how to grow. He was pointing to streams, wells, pastures that were shared in common between villages, places where houses and sheds and chicken-yards might be built.

    He was pointing to parts of fourteen villages.

    The householders among the yakhudiler looked on with interest, asked about details of the soil and water, questioned Pinchas on the laws that governed the village commons. But Pesakh could sense their dismay. He could see them looking to him and Chaim, their eyes a silent question of whether the men who’d led them out of famine together and to the Holy Land together could keep them together.

    Finally Pesakh stirred. “Reb Pinchas,” he said. “We are grateful for what the nagidah and the Sanhedrin have done for us. But is there truly no place where we can stay together?”

    “Not as farmers, no – not unless you would have us take land from others to give to you, and you know the taste of that already.”

    Pesakh cast his eyes downward; he did know the taste of being cast off one’s land, and the rebuke had been earned. “You speak only of the Galilee, though…”

    “The nagidah cannot grant lands that are outside her domain.”

    “And the Sanhedrin? Its domain is the entire Land of Israel.”

    “The Sanhedrin has no domain. It has jurisdiction as a court, but it governs no country and owns no land except the synagogues and holy places. It cannot grant farmland to you.”

    Pesakh held Pinchas’s eyes. “Is there someone then who can?”

    “There may be. And he will be in Tzfat tomorrow to take council with the nagidah. Maybe he will also take council with you.”
    _______​

    Chaim Bakshi had gone into Tzfat many times to trade or to meet with the government and the Or Tamid, but in the weeks since the arrival of the yakhudiler, Pesakh had done so only once. Tzfat was a city of forty thousand inhabitants, as big as Sevastopol; it rose in layers up the mountainside, and the people and goods in its streets and markets were from all corners of the world. It had been a marvel to Pesakh the first time and it was still one now, and the greatest marvel of all was that his felt cap, striped cotton shirt and trousers, and colorful over-robe drew hardly any notice.

    The Zemach house by the east market was two hundred years old and had been rebuilt time and again after sieges and earthquakes, but the nagidah still lived there, and it was there, with the letter that Pinchas had given them, that Pesakh and Chaim gained entrance. The two yakhudiler expected that they would be conducted to an audience chamber but the silent major-domo instead brought them to a library where two men and a woman sat at a table.

    Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad Zahir al-Zaydani, the emir; Dalia Zemach, the nagidah; Netanel bin Saleh, the Av Bet Din. All three were roughly of an age, this or that side of sixty; they had grown gray, but Pesakh could still see what they had been in their youth.

    “I cannot grant land outside the Galilee…” the nagidah said, echoing Pinchas’s words of the night before.

    “And Abd-al-Rahman Khan is the one who can?”

    “I think I have never been called Khan before,” said the emir with obvious amusement. “Share a pipe; tell me why the Galilee is not the land for you.”

    “It is, I think,” said Chaim. “We will make the best of it.” But Pesakh asked again the question that his people had asked him.

    “I am building cities,” said Abd al-Rahman, “but you aren’t city folk. And I have granted farms and pastures, but I don’t think you’d care to join the villages where I’ve done so.”

    “Then there is nothing?”

    The emir started to say something, but the nagidah held up a hand. “Tell me more of your trades,” she said. “I know there are many shoemakers and tinsmiths among you. What other trades do your people follow?”

    “Some of us are harness-makers,” began Chaim, and Pesakh continued, “we have saddlers and farriers, and some of us make blankets and hats; we have tailors and joiners as well.”

    The nagidah looked at the emir. “You are a Bedouin, Abu Hamid.”

    “Yes, I am, Umm al-Hikma.” The amusement was still in the emir’s voice. “And in the Nabulsi lands, some tribes ride still from pasture to pasture. Harness-makers, farriers, saddlers…”

    He turned to Pesakh. “I will send a message to my brother-emir. And you, Pesakh Bey – Pesakh Khan! – will learn his answer before the week is out.”
    _______​

    In the end, a hundred twenty-eight of the yakhudiler – Pesakh still kept a close count – chose to stay with Chaim and settle in the northern Galilee. The rest, with their tents and animals and tools and books, marched to the border with an escort from the Polish Regiment, and were met there by a Nabulsi cavalry troop that took them the rest of the way.

    They crossed the river Jordan and climbed into stony, arid hills drained by wadis that were dry ten months of the year. The sight wrenched from Pesakh his famine song, the one he’d added to his family journal during the crossing of the sea, and its words came from his lips as he rode at the head of the column:

    Barren was the land, the land was bare of bread;
    Bare of bread were our tables, tables laid for the dead;

    The dead bade us to go, to go across the sea;
    Across the sea to the land, where hunger would not be…


    Had he come from one barren land only to be led to another?

    But the land changed again as they passed the crest of the mountains, and the eastern slopes were green; the soldiers led them at last to a land between hills where there were springs and streams and where ruined houses and a crumbling Roman theater lay among the fields. “This will be yours,” said the captain, who was Muslim but who spoke Hebrew in the Romaniot way as some of Pesakh’s ancestors had done. “The water is held in common with the tribes who pasture here, and I will show you the lands that must be left for the herds, but there is land enough and more for you to build houses and farm. There has been no town here for four hundred years, but there will be now. This is Amman.”

    “Come look at the land that the emir has given to us,” he called to the yakhudiler behind him. Twenty years ago and more, he’d said the same thing to his family at their first sight of the land given them by the Tsar. And he’d said that, too, at their last sight of that land, when Nicholas’s Cossacks had driven them from it and into famine.

    But here, if the Name willed it, they would stay.
     
    THE WISE MAN OF ASTRAKHAN APRIL-MAY 1840
  • THE WISE MAN OF ASTRAKHAN
    APRIL-MAY 1840

    Nahum Groysman, as fitting for a man with that name, was big. In fact he was almost a caricature of his name: six foot five, tipping the scales at a seventh of a ton, heavily-built and muscular like the carter’s son he was. His beard and sidelocks were flecked with red, a silver ring adorned every finger, a silver lion of Judah buckled his belt, and he wore a black silk Persian caftan over his shirt and trousers. He swaggered as a Cossack might, whether in the Jewish quarter by the Bolshiye Isady market or at the docks on the Volga, and not even the Cossacks objected. He was not, in brief, a man to escape notice.

    Which may have been why, on the last day of Adar Sheni in the year 5600, a Kazakh cotton-seller at the market handed him a letter.

    The letter wasn’t addressed to Nahum, but nor was it to anyone; the writing on the envelope, in a spidery Hebrew hand, read “To the Persian Jews.” Nahum was not – both his parents were mitnagdim from Lithuania, and he’d been born in Birzh two years before Napoleon invaded Russia – but to a Kazakh, he no doubt looked like one. And there were certainly no others, in the market or anywhere else in the city, who stood out as much as he did.

    He wondered how long the Kazakh trader had carried the letter or where he’d otherwise planned to deliver it, but by the time he looked up from the envelope to ask, the trader was gone. And that left the question of where Nahum would deliver it.

    He turned that question over in his mind as he left the market, with its smell of sturgeon and dyes and spices and the sound of wares being cried in Russian, Kazakh, Armenian, Farsi and even Hindustani. It took him through narrow streets of wooden houses where the conversation was in Yiddish and Georgian and Tat and the smells were of shashlik and stuffed cabbage being cooked for Sabbath dinner, and brought him to the Street of Three Synagogues.

    There were four kinds of Jews in Astrakhan – mitnagdim, Mountain Jews of the Caucasus, Gurjim from Kartveli, and merchants from Tabriz and Isfahan. Twenty years ago, the city governor had granted their petition to build synagogues, but decreed that they all had to be in the same place. His intent had been the same as what Tsar Nicholas, may the Name curse him, intended later: to push the Jews of the frontier into a few enclaves. No matter that the Mountain Jews and the Gurjim had lived where they’d lived for centuries; it was the Listed Towns now, or else the Tsar’s soldiers. And where there might have been a dozen synagogues, there were three.

    The Lithuanian synagogue was the closest to the market. Nahum, a child of ten then, had helped to build it, as had all the mitagdim; his father had sent him to help in the raising of the Georgian and Tat synagogues as well. He’d have worked on the Persian one too, except there had been none; the Tats were Persian in their rites, more so than the Persian Jews themselves these days, and the Isfahani merchants had found their synagogue, and their daughters, congenial. Nor were they the only ones. Nahum still followed the doctrines of the mitnagdim and the ethical teachings of Rabbi Salanter that were beginning to spread through the land, but after a dozen years as a caravan guard in Persia and the Caucasus and the Turkmen lands, he was more comfortable with the Mountain Jews’ ways.

    And the Mountain Jews were warriors – Bar-Kokhba’s sons, they called themselves. That, too, was a comfort.

    Nahum found Rabbi Melek ben Moshke in the synagogue storeroom with a broom in his hand, preparing to clean before the evening service. The rabbi took a rag from atop a pile of same and handed it to him. “You can dust while I sweep,” he said. “That’s what being early earns you.”

    “I’ll dust your head,” Nahum answered, but he took the rag willingly enough; it was a fair price for the favor he would ask. He handed the rabbi the letter in exchange. “Do you know who should receive this?”

    “To the Persian Jews, is it?” Rabbi Melek turned the envelope over in his hands and peered at it, trying to divine its secrets without looking inside. But there was no way to do that, and he was obviously intrigued. “Maybe I am Persian enough.” And before another word could be said, he took his belt-knife and slit the letter open.

    Inside was a folded sheet of paper inscribed in the same hand as the envelope. Melek, cleaning forgotten for the moment, held it up so the late-afternoon light coming through the window would catch it, and Nahum read it with him. Or rather, he tried to read it. The letter, though in a Hebrew hand, was written in a type of Farsi, and while Nahum could speak Farsi well enough, written Farsi, especially this form of it, was hard going.

    The rabbi, though, nodded knowingly. “This is Dari, or maybe it’s Tajik. It comes from Bukhara.”

    Nahum knew where Bukhara was, but he’d never been there; few subjects of the Russian Empire had, because its emir was exceedingly distrustful of them. He’d heard that Jews lived there, but knew nothing of them beyond that. Evidently Rabbi Melek knew more.

    But he didn’t know everything, and the surprise that came over his face as he read on made that unmistakably clear. “The writer of this letter had Jewish ancestors,” he said. “But in the days of our grandfathers, the ulama forced them to embrace Islam. Since then they have practiced Judaism in secret; they are called the chalas – neither one nor the other – and they live on the edge of ghetto and city both. The writer is asking the Persian Jews to send money so they can come to the Tsar’s lands and be Jewish again.”

    For a moment, Nahum was incredulous – Jews who sought to flee to Russia? But then it made sense. The Tsar, despising Jews and Muslims equally, wouldn’t care if the descendants of forced converts renounced Islam. The Shah, the Sultan, the emirs who ruled the steppes and mountains north of India and east of China – all of them would consider such a thing apostasy.

    “What do we do then? Collect money for them?” If so, then perhaps it was best that Melek had the letter – he was good at begging funds from his congregation, and Nahum was not.

    “Maybe that, or maybe something else. Come and clean with me; the kildim will start soon.” The kildim, the gathering – a word that the local dialect of Russian had borrowed from the Turkic tongues, as eggplants here were called demianka rather than baklazhany. “And after, we will talk more about the letter and its writer, and how we might respond to her.”

    Nahum, rag in hand, followed Rabbi Melek to the sanctuary where books had been laid on the cushions, and suddenly, the rabbi’s last word registered.

    “To her?” he asked.

    “Of course. Look at the handwriting – can’t you see? This letter was written by a woman.”
    _______​

    Rabbi Melek brought Nahum home for Sabbath dinner that night. His wife Zoya and his daughters Sarit and Yasmin had laid the table with dumplings, rice with yogurt and cucumbers, khoyagusht meat pies baked with lamb and eggs, cowpeas, and mulberry wine. They spoke of the week’s parsha, the news from St. Petersburg and Konstantiniyye and Tzfat, the gossip of the market – as the cinnamon-sweetened porridge was brought out and the wine, and then the arrack, flowed, the first two gradually yielded to the last.

    At last, though, Melek rose from the table and motioned to Nahum to follow him. “It’s time to be serious again,” he said. “Have you had enough to drink, or should I give you more before I send you to Bukhara?”

    Nahum was drunk, but not Purim-drunk – even arrack doesn’t work so quickly on a man who weighs a seventh of a ton – and he laughed out loud. “Just a trip to Bukhara? Can’t be far – what is it, fifteen, sixteen hundred versts? Let me leave now so I can be back before breakfast.”

    Melek’s hand was suddenly on Nahum’s shoulder. “Listen to me, my drunken friend. We don’t truly know who wrote this letter. We don’t know if she is truly what she says or if she’s a charlatan or a robber. There have been many charlatans in our history. The Rambam says we have a duty to ransom captives, but should we raise money only to give it to thieves? If you take the money there yourself, you can see if there are truly people to bring out of captivity – and if there’s trouble, you will be there to help bring them out.”

    “Bukhara – the emir has decreed against the Russians and the British. It would be dangerous…” Nahum trailed off as he realized – or maybe he was drunk enough to realize – that the danger was more an enticement to him than a deterrent.

    The rabbi looked at Nahum’s face and smiled – he must have seen the same thing. “How much greater a mitzvah would the Rambam say it is to bring the captives home yourself? And you are not the only child of Bar-Kokhba in Astrakhan. I will not send you alone.”

    Curiously enough, it wasn’t the Rambam who came first to Nahum’s mind. He thought instead of Rabbi Salanter’s writings on musar, on moral conduct, and his teaching that deeds as well as words must be kosher. He remembered, as well, a book he’d read years ago about the Sanhedrin’s jurisprudence on forced conversion, their commentaries on Sa’adia ben Maimon’s writings on anusim, their rulings that the duties of Jews toward fellow Jews applied fully to those who had been separated from Judaism against their will. But those writings and the Rambam all led to the same place.
    _______​

    Three days later, Rabbi Melek had money and Nahum had companions. They met before dawn in the square opposite Ivan the Terrible’s kremlin, and there were five of them, one for each green-domed tower of the cathedral. Nahum and Melek were two, and Nahum was unsurprised to find that he knew the others; there were several kinds of Jew in Astrakhan, but the city was not a large one.

    Yevda, another of Rabbi Melek’s sons of Bar-Kokhba, a builder who came from a village near Nalchik and who’d fought in Chechen clan wars in his youth. Iraj, the younger son of a Tabriz spice merchant who hadn’t come to terms yet with the fact that he would never inherit. Hershel, a carter like Nahum’s father had been, weathered and tough from hard work. They were all a head shorter than Nahum, but few people weren’t, and they looked worldly-wise and capable.

    They were also dressed as Persians, and no sooner had Nahum noticed this than Melek took his fur hat off his head and handed him a turban.

    “The emir of Bukhara has banned Russians,” he said. “So if we are to go there, we must not be Russians.”

    Very well, then, we are not. Nahum looked at the members of their company again and realized that Melek had picked well; even Hershel had taken his cart into the mountains often enough that he spoke some Tat and Farsi.

    The docks were a short distance west, where Astrakhan island met the main flow of the Volga, and there was a boat leaving that morning for points east. By noon, Nahum stood on deck as the boat steamed through the maze of salt marshes and algal flats that was the Volga delta, and as the sun was low, they entered the open Caspian.

    “Iraj will speak for us when he can,” Rabbi Melek said to him that night as the boat made its way across the shallow sea. “But you are the man everyone will notice, and the man they’ll greet. You can pass for a Persian Jew – I know that – but can you be a Muslim too if you need?” He cast his eyes at the place where the dagger at Nahum’s belt made a bulge in his caftan. “In Bukhara, Jews do not go armed.”

    “My sidelocks…”

    “I will cut them,” said Melek, and did so. “They will grow again. I will cut my own as well, and all of ours. Even the Rambam would cut them if it needed to be done to rescue captives. And without it, could you be a Muslim?”

    “I’ve traded with Muslims. I know how to say ‘inshallah.’” Nahum laughed – in Astrakhan, even the Russians said “inshallah” sometimes, though never where priests could hear. “I’ve seen them lay down their rugs and pray on the street. But I’ve never been in a mosque – I don’t know the prayers.”

    “You won’t have to. No one will ask you to go to jumu’ah. You just need to keep your head enough to fool the passers-by and the soldiers. And if anyone asks why we are in Bukhara, you tell them we’ve come to visit the tombs of the seven saints.”

    “The seven saints?”

    “The founders of the Nakshbandi order. They lived in Bukhara. They were wise men – holy men. I will tell you something of them and their teachings, so that if you are asked, you will know.”

    And he did, for the two days that the boat steamed across the endless ice-flecked sea, past marshy islands, and finally into a stunning blue bay with an ever-changing shoreline. The port there was no more than a village with a pier and a small market; at the market, Iraj took part of Melek’s money and bought camels which they would resell in Bukhara. They camped that night by the shore, and the next morning they climbed a switchback up the looming cliffs to the Ust-Yurt.

    The clay desert that awaited at the top of the cliffs was the bleakest landscape Nahum had ever seen – bleaker, in fact, than he’d imagined possible. “This is a place to make a big man small,” he told Rabbi Melek that evening, gathering his caftan against the night chill of the desert. “The seven saints – their teachings of contemplation and awareness – it’s easy to follow them here, isn’t it? Imagine if ha-Ari had lived in this desert.”

    “Deserts are mystic places, yes – like mountains, but in a different way. I wonder what the great cabalists of Castile and Provence would have made of this place.”

    “Or Sabbatai Zevi, if the vultures didn’t pick his bones.”

    They were a week crossing the Ust-Yurt before they came to the shores of another sea – “Aralskoe More,” said Hershel, who in childhood had liked to look at maps. They rode from fishing village to fishing village and finally to the Amu Darya, the river of Gozan. From there, they traveled on riverboats when they could and by camel when there were rapids; at length they reached the confluence with the Zeravshan, and a day later, a city of domes and towers and dun-colored brick that gleamed gold in the waning sunlight.

    Bukhara.
    _______​

    “The seven saints, you say?” said the guard at the gate. As Melek had predicted, the guard had indeed assumed that Nahum was the leader of the party. He was now looking them up and down, seeing three men who could be Persian and two who, despite their dress and their fluency in Farsi, bore the stamp of much more northerly climes. But many Persians were fair, and though the guard stared a moment longer, he found no reason not to let them in.

    They found rooms and stabling for their camels near the gate, and then they went forth into the city. Bukhara was a far older city than Astrakhan, and an imperial city at that; it was the seat of an emir and had been the seat of a khan where Astrakhan was merely a provincial capital. The mosques and madrassas beside the Registan and in the central streets were grand, and the minarets at the fortress gate had stood for a thousand years. There were separate markets for hats, for silk, for silver and gold. But the city beyond was a city of wood like Astrakhan was; some of the houses were mansions, and their windows and doors were elaborately carved with filigrees and pointed arches, but they were as impermanent as the houses of Russia.

    “Only Jerusalem is eternal,” murmured Nahum when he was sure that no passers-by could hear.

    They hadn’t been long in the city when Nahum began to see Jews. They wore ropes rather than belts, their heads were shaven but for their sidelocks, and they wore black caps instead of turbans as the law required of them. Many of them were dye-stained, and when Nahum followed the smells of cochineal and larkspur and indigo, they led to the Jewish mahallah, the ghetto, where the city’s dyers dwelt.

    There were fine houses among the dyers’ shops and tenements here too, but they were far more dilapidated – Jews could repair old houses, but not build new – and rags hung from the lintels to denote who was inside. There were synagogues, built of brick and domed like the mosques, but lower in height lest the ulama or the emir’s soldiers destroy them, and with the marks of five hundred years of repairs. The people in the streets here had their eyes cast down, the Jews from long habit and the others from embarrassment at giving Jews their custom.

    The five men from Astrakhan cast their eyes down too. “We should go into the dyers’ shops,” said Hershel. “No one will suspect us for talking to the Jews there – we will simply be sampling their wares. They might tell us who wrote the letter.”

    “The letter wasn’t written by any of them,” Yevda answered, “and they weren’t the ones who invited us. Maybe they hate these anusim as much as the Muslims do. Maybe, rather than telling us, they would turn us in.”

    “Why would they hate the anusim?” said Nahum. “Look around you – anyone can see that but for the grace of the Name…”

    “Even so, there are those who see anusim as no different from apostates, no matter what the Rambam or the Sanhedrin say. ‘If only they had more courage…’”

    Rabbi Melek held up a hand. “Maybe they care for the anusim, maybe they don’t. But if they don’t tell us, who will? Should we ask the city qadis, or seek an opinion from the ulama?”

    No one had an answer to that, and besides, Nahum could see that they were beginning to draw attention. He walked into the nearest of the dyers’ shops before another word was said, not waiting to see if the others followed.

    “Can I be of assistance, your excellencies?” said the dyer. He was fifty, graying, running slightly to fat; he was obsequious, but no more so than any merchant would be to a customer of obvious prosperity. Nahum understood him readily; spoken Tajik was closer to the Farsi he knew than written Tajik, although it sounded archaic to the ear of someone who’d guarded caravans through Persia.

    “I would like to commission a wall-hanging,” he said, and suddenly realized how to ask his question without asking. “In a ram’s-horn pattern.”

    The dyer drew in his breath, and the question written on his face was the same one that Yevda had asked moments before: do I take a chance? And then courage – or perhaps curiosity – got the better of him. “You are not one of the chalas,” he said. “I have never seen you. But no one else among the Muslims would want such a hanging – that would be the chalas’ secret and theirs alone.”

    “I can’t say who we are. But we were sent for by them – by one of them. Where do they live? Where do they meet – where is their mosque?”

    “They don’t have a mosque – did you think the ulama would allow them to pray together in just one? But I can tell you where they live – just on the other side of the mahallah, at the edge of the city. Most people still consider them halfway to being Jews – few will live with them or marry with them. Maybe if you go to the marketplace there, you will find the one who sent for you. And now, buy some cloth from me, but in a striped pattern, not ram’s horns. I have fine cotton here – do you see?”

    Nahum did see, and when they left the shop, he carried a bolt of it; he could sell it again in Astrakhan, and the price was fairly owed.

    The neighborhood where the chalas lived was near the tomb of one of the seven saints, and the five men went there first. They arrived at the time of asr, and they put their rugs down, faced in the direction the others faced, and knelt. All of them had seen the movements and prostrations used in the rakat – as followers of the Persian rite of Judaism, they used many of the same movements themselves – and they did them well enough for no one to notice, except perhaps those who noticed Nahum’s size. Nahum prayed silently as if for mincha, though he found himself beseeching the Name to let him partake of the saint’s holiness; he knew not what the others prayed for.

    After, he led them back into the poorest neighborhood they’d yet seen, looking for the marketplace. Men in shabby clothing – not distinctive as the law required of the Jews here, but very plain – mingled with women in black robes and veils. Even the Jewish women had been veiled. They were strangers here, Nahum realized, even more than in the dyers’ streets; they were drawing stares, although no one dared speak to them.

    Until, suddenly, someone did – one of the women, one of the indistinguishable, faceless figures in black that thronged the market square. She was walking quickly as if to pass them, but as she did, she looked up sharply to Nahum, her eyes piercing his, and said, “have you come?”

    And then, as quickly, she was gone.
    _______​

    Nahum stood stunned, and the others with him were no less so. The woman who had spoken to him was the author of the letter, he was sure of that, but how would he find her again? There was a ready excuse to go to a market or a dyer’s shop, but there was none to seek out the house of a woman to whom one was not related.

    But the question answered itself a moment later, in the form of a young man in the clothes of a baker. “I am Laila’s brother,” he said. “Come with me and share the evening meal.”

    The young baker – Nursultan, he named himself – led them to a small house on an alley and to a room inside where Laila, her veil now off, sat with a circle of children. She’d made honey-cakes for the youngest in the shape of Hebrew letters, and looked on as the older children, who had books, made them name and pronounce the letters before they ate. She herself had a book spread out in front of her, a Persian Jewish book of prayers two hundred years old.

    “Who would suspect a woman?” she said, answering the question that not even Rabbi Melek had the courage to ask. “We are invisible, and everyone knows none of us can read; who would even notice us? So the men obey the imams and go to jumu’ah every Friday, and while they do, I teach the children and prepare to light the candles.”

    Nahum stared in amazement, but he saw something different in Yevda’s face – something more like awe. And he remembered the Tats’ stories of what had happened all too often under the khans, and realized, just as Yevda had, how brave Laila must be.

    He searched for something, anything, to say. “How did you know who I was?”

    “My father took me to Russia to trade once, as a child. I knew you were no Persian, though you dressed as one. And we practice yad-dasht – concentration – as the Nakshbandis do, and I saw the presence of the Name in you.”

    Nahum shook his head; he was a caravan-guard, not a tzaddik. But Rabbi Salanter had written that holiness lay partly in deeds; was that what Laila had seen?

    Rabbi Melek forestalled that question with a more practical one. “How many of you want to leave?”

    “Six hundred,” Nursultan said.

    “A thousand,” said Laila. “More, if there is truly a way. Have you brought enough to buy provisions, to see us along the road? And can Russia truly be a home?”

    “Astrakhan can be a home.” It was Herschel, not Nahum, who said so. “And you will not be the first Jews to flee there. And if Nicholas – a curse upon him – decides otherwise someday, there is the Holy Land. The Jews of the Galilee are ruled by a woman, though. You would not be above suspicion there.”

    Laila, at last, laughed. “I wouldn’t need to be. But Astrakhan first, I think. Is there a Bukharan bakery there?”

    “There is not. And I think one would be the sensation of the Bolshiye Isady.”

    “First you have to get there,” said Iraj. “We have camels to carry water and baggage, and we can get more – I know the markets well. But it will take time to gather provisions…”

    “And we will have to leave in secret,” said Laila, “by night.” She looked at each of the men from Astrakhan in turn, but only Yevda understood. “The Jews in the mahallah – they can go as they wish. But the ulama know there is only one reason for us to leave, and they would keep us here rather than let us become apostates.”

    Rabbi Melek looked at Nahum and Nahum at Melek, and they realized the same thing in the same moment: that they had come to ransom captives in truth.

    “The southern route, then,” Hershel murmured – remembering another map, Nahum guessed.

    Iraj nodded. “The border is less then a day away, in that direction. From there we can return through Merv and Ashkhabad, through the Turkmen lands. But the hard part will be leaving the city without being noticed.”

    “Don’t worry about that,” Nahum said, his mind racing with sudden inspiration. “The only thing anyone will notice is me.”
    _______
    There was a new storyteller in the chalas’ market the next day, a giant of a man, six foot five and red-bearded, who told tales of the seven saints. The watchmen wondered where he’d come from, but the caretakers at the sheikh’s tomb confirmed that he’d prayed there the day before, and the guard at the Talipach Gate said that he’d come with four other pilgrims and been seen with them at their devotions. If some of the stories he told weren’t the ones the city folk had heard, who could say how far the saints had traveled and who could count the miracles they’d performed? And if a few of the stories were also told about Rabbi Akiva or Isaac ha-Ari or the Rambam or ibn Ezra, no one was the wiser.

    The storyteller was seen by night at the serai where he and his fellow pilgrims lodged, deep in discussion after the evening prayers. Surely they were speaking of the saints and contemplating the divine.

    Which they were. Among other things.

    No one at all took note of Laila and the other Chala women laying in provisions, nor did anyone wonder where they’d got the coins to buy them.

    At last, on the day that all had been made ready, the storyteller spoke of the greatest of the seven sheikhs, Khoja Abdulkhalik Ghijduvani, and bade all who heard him to trek the twenty miles to the saint’s tomb and to keep vigil there all night. A thousand people followed in his wake, streaming out the north gate in the afternoon; sunset found them miles outside the city, where the storyteller’s companions waited with camels. And none but those companions saw them turn from the north road and march west all night, carrying their children, never stopping until they had left the lands that paid tribute to Bukhara and entered the khanate of Khiva.

    “Forgive me,” whispered Nahum to the saint as he marched with the column, a child on each shoulder and camels in tow. “I am sorry to have taken your name in vain. But the rescue of captives comes before all else. And deeds are what matter, in the end.”

    The Rambam would understand. And as Nahum looked up to where the Milky Way ran high above the desert, marking the path to Astrakhan, he was suddenly sure that the sheikh would understand as well.
     
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